Table 1 Methods used for extraction of artichoke components, their yield and application in cancer treatments

Aqueous

Not included

Breast cancer (T-47D)

4–5 times decrease

[22]

Breast cancer (ZR-75-1)

6–8.5 times decreased

50% ethanol

Scopoletin

Breast cancer (T-47D)

8–9 times decrease

[22]

Apigenin

ZR-75-1

10–13 times decrease

Diosmetin

Isohoifolin

Salvigenin

Naringin dihydrochalcone

Ursolic acid

Stearidonic acid methyl ester

Stearidonic ethyl ester

Methanol

Chlorogenic acid: 725±70 mg/L

Prostate (DU 145)

50%

[23, 96]

3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (DCQA): 738 ± 58 mg/L

Melanoma (M14)

50%

1,5-DCQA: 632 ± 48 mg/L

Breast (MDA-MB231)

17%

Ovary (HEY)

30%

Lung (A549)

32%

Brain (U-373 MG)

17%

Bone (Saos-2)

20%

Leukaemia (K-562)

17%

Breast (BT549, T47D and MCF-7)

20%

Ethanol

Heart total phenolic compounds (TPC): 9.06 ± 0.06 mg/g

Liver (HePG2)

Heart-free phenolic extract shows 36.7% at 100 ppm

[33]

Heart total flavonoid compounds (TFC): 5.91 ± 0.12 mg/g

Heart-bound phenolic extract shows 27.2% at 100 ppm

Bracts (TPC): 14.16 ± 0.08 mg/g

Bract-free phenolic extract shows 75.3% at 100 ppm

Bracts (TFC): 9.85 ± 0.12 mg/g

Bract bound phenolic extract shows 14% at 100 ppm

Methanol

Mono-caffeoylquinic acid 1: 17 ± 2 mg/L

Liver (HePG2)

20%

[32]

Mono-caffeoylquinic acid 2: 13 ± 1 mg/L

Chlorogenic acid: 730 ± 78 mg/L

Mono-caffeoylquinic acid 3: 17 ± 2 mg/L

Di-caffeoylquinic acid 1: 4 ± 0.5 mg/L

Di-caffeoylquinic acid 2: 8 ± 1 mg/L

Di-caffeoylquinic acid 3: 16 ± 2 mg/L

Di-caffeoylquinic acid 4: 745 ± 62 mg/L

Di-caffeoylquinic acid 5: 645 ± 54 mg/L

Di-caffeoylquinic acid 6: 35 ± 3 mg/L

Luteolin-glycoside: 23 ± 5 mg/L

Apigenin-glycoside: 25 ± 5 mg/L

Ethanol

3.44% of total hydroxycinnamic acids expressed as chlorogenic acid and 0.4% of total flavonoid content calculated as luteolin

Leukaemia (L1210 and HL-60 cells)

< 20% of cellular growth

[40]

Ethanol

Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives: 10.33% of 34.251% of polyphenols

Pleural mesothelioma (MSTO-211H)

Not included

[42]

Saccharides (%): 24.69

Ethanol

Total phenolics: 101.07 ± 0.63 mg/g

Not included

Not included

[62]

3-CQA: 30.42 ± 0.37 mg/g

Caffeic acid 2.12 ± 0.09 mg/g

3,5-DCQA: 1.47 ± 0.15 mg/g

1,5-DCQA: 8.27 ± 0.54 mg/g

4,5-DCQA: 2.17 ± 0.21 mg/g

3,5-DCQAME: 0.53 ± 0.05 mg/g

Re-extracting crude extract with petroleum ether

Total phenolics: 31.89 ± 0.42 mg/g

Not included

Not included

[62]

3-CQA: 2.11 ± 0.09 mg/g

Caffeic acid: 1.56 ± 0.03 mg/g

3,5-DCQA: 0.42 ± 0.03 mg/g

1,5-DCQA: 1.59 ± 0.09 mg/g

4,5-DCQA: 0.41 ± 0.09 mg/g

3,5-DCQAME: ND

Re-extracting crude extract with ethyl acetate

Total phenolics: 266.69 ± 2.51 mg/g

Not included

Not included

[62]

3-CQA: 9.84 ± 0.61 mg/g

Caffeic acid: 13.83 ± 0.44 mg/g

3,5-DCQA: 27.18 ± 1.59 mg/g

1,5-DCQA: 104.51 ± 2.86 mg/g

4,5-DCQA: 19.29 ± 0.44 mg/g

3,5-DCQAME: 20.67 ± 0.83 mg/g

Re-extracting crude extract with n-butanol

Total phenolics: 135.72 ± 1.07 mg/g

Not included

Not included

[62]

3-CQA: 74.58 ± 1.05 mg/g

Caffeic acid: 3.36 ± 0.33 mg/g

3,5-DCQA: 2.21 ± 0.19 mg/g

1,5-DCQA: 15.87 ± 1.09 mg/g

4,5-DCQA: 3.41 ± 0.21 mg/g

3,5-DCQAME: 0.81 ± 0.12 mg/g

Re-extracting crude extract with water

Total phenolics: 52.45 ± 1.44 mg/g

Not included

Not included

[62]

3-CQA: 20.64 ± 0.76 mg/g

1,5-DCQA: 7.94 ± 0.39 mg/g

Caffeic acid; 3,5-DCQA; 4,5-DCQA and DCQAME: ND