Table 1 Reported analytical method for the estimation of AT and co-administered drugs in biological fluids using the HPLC technique

AT and curcumin

Mouse plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; ACN:MeOH:2% (v/v) AcA (37.5:2.5:60, v/v/v)

Purospher STAR RP18 endcapped column (55 × 4 mm, 3 μm)

1.0

DAD247 nm

9.4

600–50,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9992

66.70 ng mL⁻¹

----

91.28%

[12]

Lung homogenate supernatant

600–50,000ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9992

85.70 ng mL⁻¹

----

99.83%

Brain homogenate supernatant

100–50,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9978

0.80 ng mL⁻¹

----

101.57%

Liver homogenate supernatant

100–15,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9979

25.00 ng mL⁻¹

----

89.82%

Spleen homogenate supernatant

600–50,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9970

300.00 ng mL⁻¹

----

89.08%

Rosuvastatin, gemfibrozil, and AT

Human plasma

MDμ-SPE-SSME

Isocratic elution; ACN:sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3; 0.05 M) (59:41, v/v)

C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

UV230 nm

≈9.0

30–2000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9930

10.00 ng mL⁻¹

9.70 ng mL⁻¹

98.75%

[13]

Human Urine

25–2000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9910

8.00 ng mL⁻¹

8.70 ng mL⁻¹

99.55%

AT and clopidogrel

Human plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; KH₂PO₄ buffer (pH 2.5):ACN (50:50, v/v)

C8 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.3

PDA243 nm

10.3

10–50 μg mL⁻¹r² = 0.9974

----

10.40 μg mL⁻¹

97.80%

[14]

AT, clopidogrel and Aspirin

Rat plasma

PP

Gradient elution; A = Dibasic phosphate buffer (pH 3.0;10 mM), B = ACN

Beta-basic C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm).

1.0

UV232 nm

16.2

10–10,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9990

----

10.00 ng mL⁻¹

92.85%

[15]

AT

Human plasma

DLLME-SFO

Isocratic elution; MeOH:water (70:30,v/v) (pH^a3.0 with Sodium phosphate buffer)

Shim-pack CLC-C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.5

UV

≈1.7

0.2–6000 μg mL⁻¹r² = 0.9950

0.07 μg mL⁻¹

----

98.80–113.80%

[16]

AT and pioglitazone

Rat plasma

LLE

Isocratic elution; MeOH:ACN:AF (pH 3.5; 1 mM) (48:19:33 v/v/v)

Gemini C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

DAD260 nm

11.3

6–300 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9967

3.00 ng mL⁻¹

6.00 ng mL⁻¹

74.03%

[17]

AT

Human serum

SALLE

Isocratic elution, AA buffer:ACN (50:50, v/v) (pH^a3.0 with o-phosphoric acid)

Symmetric C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

UV246 nm

----

1–10,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9980

0.50 ng mL⁻¹

----

99.50%

[18]

AT micro-emulsions

Rat plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; MeOH:water (70:30, v/v) (0.05% glacial AcA)

C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

UV248 nm

5.6

100–50,000 ng mL⁻¹r² ≥ 0.9854

20.00 ng mL⁻¹

50.00 ng mL⁻¹

91.16%

[19]

AT, rosuvastatin

Rat plasma

LLE

Isocratic elution; MeOH:water (68:32, v/v) (pH^a 3.0)

BDS Hypersil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

UV241 nm

11.3

20–200 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9920

1.30 ng mL⁻¹

10.30 ng mL⁻¹

96.48%

[20]

AT

Human serum

LLE

Isocratic elution; 10% MeOH in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3.5; 0.05 M with o-phosphoric acid): MeOH (43:57, v/v)

Ascentis C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.2

UV247 nm

19.8

3–150 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9990

1.20 ng mL⁻¹

3.00 ng mL⁻¹

85.10%

[21]

Pioglitazone, gliquidone, and AT

Human serum

PP

Isocratic elution; MeOH:water (90:10, v/v) (pH^a3.50 with o-phosphoric acid)

Purospher Star RP18 endcapped column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm),

1.0

UV235 nm

3.6

5–50 μg mL⁻¹r² = 0.9989

0.60 μg mL⁻¹

1.90 μg mL⁻¹

98.80–104.3%

[22]

AT, Losartan, atenolol, and aspirin

Plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; ACN:KH₂PO₄ (pH 3.4; 0.02 M) (70:30, v/v)

HiQ Sil C18HS column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

UV236 nm

5.2

25–150 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9997

----

25.00 ng mL⁻¹

99.46%

[23]

AT and simvastatin

Human plasma

SPE, DLLME

Isocratic elution; AA solution (pH 3.5; 0.02 M): ACN (25:75, v/v)

Luna C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

0.7

DAD254 nm

----

45–900 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9990

25.00 ng mL⁻¹

75.00 ng mL⁻¹

90.00%, 83.00%

[24]

AT

Human plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; MeOH:ACN:Sodium phosphate buffer (pH 4.5; 0.01 M) (40:30:30,v/v/v)

Shim-Pak C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm).

1.0

UV247 nm

----

5–160 ng mL⁻¹

7.80 ng mL⁻¹

22.90 ng mL⁻¹

98.70%

[25]

AT and fenofibrate

Rabbit plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; KH₂PO₄:ACN (28:72, v/v) (pH^a 4.1)

Capcell Pak C8 DDS5 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 mm)

1.0

UV260 nm

4.2

1–40 μg mL⁻¹r² = 0.9993

0.05 μg mL⁻¹

0.20 g mL⁻¹

97.04%

[26]

AT and rosuvastatin

Human serum

LLE

Isocratic elution; MeOH:water (68:3,v/v) ( pH^a 3.0)

Brownlee analytical C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.5

UV241 nm

6

3–384 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9990

1.00 ng mL⁻¹

3.00 ng mL⁻¹

98.20%

[27]

Lisinopril, AT, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin

Human Serum

PP

Isocratic elution; MeOH:water: ACN (80: 17.5:2.5, v/v/v) (pH^a3.0)

Purospher STAR C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

UV225 nm

8.3

625–25,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9994

1.30 ng mL⁻¹

4.10 ng mL⁻¹

100.86%

[28]

Fluvastatin, pravastatin, and AT

Human plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; ACN:KH₂PO₄ (60:40, v/v) (pH^a 3.5 by o-phosphoric acid)

ZORBAX Extend-C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1

UV210 nm

2.4

5–40 μg mL⁻¹r² = 0.9990

2.5 μg mL⁻¹

4.00 μg mL⁻¹

99.80%

[29]

AT and gemfibrozil

Human plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; AA buffer (pH 5.0; 0.1 M):ACN (45:55, v/v)

C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

PDA240 nm

3.4

1–20 μg mL⁻¹r² = 0.9997

30.00 ng mL⁻¹

0.10 μg mL⁻¹

93.54%

[30]

AT

Human plasma

LLLME

Isocratic elution; ACN:0.1% AcA (70:30, v/v)

ODS-3 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

UV246 nm

2.7

1–500 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9960

0.40 ng mL⁻¹

1.00 ng mL⁻¹

22.90%

[31]

AT

Beagle dog plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; ACN:AA buffer (pH 4; 0.1 M) (65:35, v/v)

Kromasil C8 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 mm)

1.0

UV270 nm

6.6

50–2500 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9995

8.00 ng mL⁻¹

25.00 ng mL⁻¹

91.30%

[32]

AT

Human plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; NaH₂PO₄ (0.01 M):ACN (60:40, v/v) (pH^a5.5)

Nucleosil-100 C8 column (125 × 4 mm, 5 μm)

1.5

UV245 nm

3.6

20–800 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9998

1.00 ng mL⁻¹

----

100.20%

[33]

AT

Human serum

LLE

Isocratic elution; sodium phosphate buffer (pH 4; 0.05 M):MeOH (33:67, v/v)

Shim-pack CLC- C18 column (100 × 4 mm, 5 μm)

2.5

UV247 nm

3.4

4–256 ng mL⁻¹r² ≥ 0.9965

1.00 ng mL⁻¹

4.00 ng mL⁻¹

95.00 ± 4.00%

[34]

Metformin, amlodipine, glibenclamide, and AT

Human plasma

PP

Gradient elution; A = 0.1% o-phosphoric acid (pH 3.0), B = ACN

Novapack Phenyl column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

----

UV 227 nm

11.8

100–5000 ng mL⁻¹

----

1.00 ng mL⁻¹

91.19%

[35]

AT

HumanPlasma

PP

Isocratic elution; ACN:MeOH: water (45:45:10, v/v/v)

RP C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 mm)

1.0

UV240 nm

1.9

500–86,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9980

8.40 ng mL⁻¹

17.90 ng mL⁻¹

98.90%

[36]

AT

Human plasma

MSPE

Isocratic elution; ACN:o-phosphoric acid (pH 6;10 mM) (75:25, v/v)

C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

Fluorimetric282 nm, 400 nm

4.4

30–120 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9996

10.00 ng mL⁻¹

30.00 ng mL⁻¹

101.35%

[37]

AT and valsartan

Human serum

Solid based DLLE

Isocratic elution; sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.0; 0.02 M):ACN: MeOH (60:20:20, v/v/v)

Spherisorb C18 column (25 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

0.7

DAD210 nm

8.0

10–5000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9970

2.60 ng mL⁻¹

8.20 ng mL⁻¹

81.00%

[38]

AT

Rat plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; ACN:water (pH 3.3):MeOH (50:40:10, v/v/v)

Knalier Vertex Plus C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

0.9

UV240 nm

9.1

10–12,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9998

0.70 ng mL⁻¹

2.20 ng mL⁻¹

102.48%

[39]

Intestinal perfusionsolution

10–12,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9988

1.00 ng mL⁻¹

2.90 ng mL⁻¹

102.02%

AT and amlodipine

Rat plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; dibasic phosphate buffer(pH 3.0): ACN (55:45, v/v)

Beta-basic C18 column (100 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

UV240 nm

12.1

0.05–10 μg mL⁻¹r² = 0.9990

----

0.30 μg mL⁻¹

92.80%

[40]

Clopidogrel, metabolite, and AT

Human plasma

PP

Gradient elution; A = sodium phosphate buffer (pH 2.6; 10 mM), B = ACN, C = MeOH

BDS Hypersil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

PDA220 nm

10.9

5–2500 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9994

2.00 ng mL⁻¹

5.00 ng mL⁻¹

94.50%

[41]

AT and ezetimibe

Human plasma

PP

Isocratic elution, KH₂PO₄ (pH 3.5; 0.05 M adjusted with o-Phosphoric acid): ACN (40:60, v/v)

X-Terra C8 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm)

1.2

PDA235 nm

3.5

5–25 μg mL⁻¹r² = 0.9940

----

1.30 μg mL⁻¹

100.42%

[42]

AT

Human plasma

Dμ- SPE

Isocratic elution; MeOH:ACN:water (76:13:11, v/v/v)

Knauer C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

UV253 nm

----

0.3–2000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9996

0.06 ng mL⁻¹

0.20 ng mL⁻¹

101.80%

[43]

AT

Human plasma

Ultrasound-assisted MSPE

Isocratic elution; ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 3.0): ACN (50:50, v/v)

Teknokroma C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.5

UV246 nm

5.0

0.4–500 ng mL⁻¹r² ≥ 0.9990

0.10 ng mL⁻¹

----

94.58%

[44]

AT and glimepiride

Human serum

LLE

Isocratic elution; ACN: water (containing 1% v/v triethylamine) (55:45, v/v/v) (pH^a 5.6 with o-phosphoric acid)

Inertsil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.0

UV230 nm

6.9

1–1600 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9960

----

1.00 ng mL⁻¹

94.83%

[45]

AT and Lercanidipine

Rat plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; ACN:AA buffer (pH 3.5; 0.1 M) (50:50, v/v)

Wakosil II C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

1.2

UV235 nm

10.2

0.05–40 μg mL⁻¹r² = 0.9990

----

----

89.00-94.00%

[46]

AT and valsartan

Human serum

MDμ- SPE

Isocratic elution; MeOH:ACN: Sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) (40:25:35, v/v/v)

Licrosorb RP-18 column (100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm)

1.0

UV240 nm

----

10–2000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9982

2.40 ng mL⁻¹

8.00 ng mL⁻¹

92.83%

[47]

AT

Rat plasma

PP

Isocratic elution; MeOH:water (70:30, v/v/v) (pH^a 5.5)

C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)

----

UV

4.9

50–1000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9973

10.0 ng mL⁻¹

15.0 ng mL⁻¹

93.55%

[48]

AT

Human serum

MD- SPE

Isocratic elution; ACN:water (45:55, v/v)

Licrosorb RP 18 column (100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm).

1.0

DAD

----

1–1000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9973

0.10 ng mL⁻¹

0.40 ng mL⁻¹

96.03%

[49]

Captopril, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and AT

Human serum

PP

Isocratic elution; ACN:water (60:40, v/v) (pH^a 2.9 with phosphoric acid)

Purospher STAR C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 mm)

1.5

UV230 nm

≈ 3.9

625–25,000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9995

5.87 ng mL⁻¹

17.80 ng mL⁻¹

99.76%

[50]

Rosuvastatin, gemfibrozil, and AT

Human plasma

TAALLME-SFO

Isocratic elution; ACN:Sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3; 0.05 M) (61:39, v/v)

ODS III column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 mm)

1.0

UV230 nm

----

2.5–3000 ng mL⁻¹r² = 0.9950

0.80 ng mL⁻¹

----

101.00%

[51]