Table 1 Urine biochemical parameter of glyoxalate induced nephrolithiatic mice treated with ethyl acetate fraction of C. dactylon, E. officinalis, K. pinnata, and B. nutans

Vehicle control

14.79 ± 1.31

0.37 ± 0.04

1.92 ± 0.21

7.60 ± 0.82

0.96 ± 0.36

0.89 ± 0.014

51.65 ± 1.21

Negative control

9.31 ± 0.81^**

0.95 ± 0.04^***

3.38 ± 0.33^***

12.59 ± 1.24^***

2.52 ± 0.45^***

0.27 ± 0.023^***

32.48 ± 1.22^**

Cystone (750)

12.81 ± 1.22^{ns, a}

0.41 ± 0.08^{ns, c}

1.88 ± 0.23^{ns, c}

6.34 ± 0.91^{ns, c}

1.06 ± 0.07^{ns, c}

0.80 ± 0.026^{ns, c}

66.72 ± 2.25^{**, b}

EACD (100)

10.80 ± 1.25^{*, ns}

0.70 ± 0.03^{**, a}

3.06 ± 0.24^{***, ns}

10.19 ± 1.37^{*, a}

2.10 ± 0.35^{**, ns}

0.25 ± 0.024^{***, ns}

41.42 ± 2.24^{*, ns}

EACD (300)

11.12 ± 1.27^{ns, a}

0.59 ± 0.06^{**, b}

2.79 ± 0.21^{**, a}

10.63 ± 0.75^{*, a}

1.96 ± 0.29^{**, a}

0.36 ± 0.017^{**, ns}

46.72 ± 2.27^{ns, a}

EACD (500)

11.80 ± 1.18^{ns, a}

0.56 ± 0.07^{*, b}

2.14 ± 0.25^{ns, b}

9.59 ± 0.89^{*, b}

1.35 ± 0.28^{*, b}

0.42 ± 0.016^{**, a}

52.36 ± 2.34^{ns, b}

EAEO (25)

9.93 ± 1.08^{**, ns}

0.88 ± 0.09^{**, ns}

2.78 ± 0.24^{**, ns}

10.89 ± 1.18^{*, a}

1.90 ± 0.31^{**, a}

0.39 ± 0.006^{**, ns}

37.39 ± 1.19^{ns, ns}

EAEO (50)

10.81 ± 1.27^{*, ns}

0.60 ± 0.02^{*, b}

2.46 ± 0.26^{*, a}

8.67 ± 0.72^{ns, b}

1.74 ± 0.29^{**, a}

0.55 ± 0.025^{*, b}

42.13 ± 2.28^{*, a}

EAEO (100)

11.77 ± 1.30^{ns, a}

0.54 ± 0.04^{*, b}

2.08 ± 0.28^{ns, b}

7.56 ± 0.66^{ns, b}

1.28 ± 0.30^{ns, b}

0.63 ± 0.028^{ns, b}

47.27 ± 2.25^{ns, b}

EAKP (25)

10.89 ± 0.92^{*, ns}

0.83 ± 0.07^{**, ns}

2.77 ± 0.21^{**, a}

10.86 ± 1.79^{**, a}

1.75 ± 0.44^{**, a}

0.45 ± 0.021^{**, a}

41.69 ± 1.16^{*, a}

EAKP (50)

12.82 ± 1.31^{ns, a}

0.64 ± 0.04^{**, b}

2.08 ± 0.19^{*, c}

8.78 ± 0.82^{ns, b}

1.48 ± 0.33^{*, b}

0.56 ± 0.019^{*, b}

55.04 ± 1.22^{ns, c}

EAKP (100)

13.55 ± 1.25^{ns, b}

0.53 ± 0.06^{*, b}

1.81 ± 0.22^{ns, c}

7.23 ± 0.71^{ns, c}

1.25 ± 0.30^{ns, b}

0.68 ± 0.022^{ns, b}

61.26 ± 2.20^{ns, c}

EABN (25)

9.82 ± 0.86^{**, ns}

0.85 ± 0.08^{**, ns}

2.78 ± 0.24^{*, a}

11.65 ± 1.28^{**, ns}

1.95 ± 0.29^{**, a}

0.49 ± 0.026^{*, ns}

44.49 ± 1.28^{*, ns}

EABN (50)

10.84 ± 1.38^{*, ns}

0.76 ± 0.03^{n*, a}

2.29 ± 0.21^{*, b}

10.57 ± 0.71^{*, a}

1.61 ± 0.31^{*, a}

0.54 ± 0.018^{*, a}

51.56 ± 1.24^{ns, b}

EABN (100)

11.29 ± 1.37^{ns, a}

0.60 ± 0.04^{ns, b}

2.08 ± 0.20^{ns, b}

9.28 ± 0.84^{ns, b}

1.32 ± 0.30^{ns, b}

0.62 ± 0.020^{ns, b}

62.50 ± 2.21^{ns, b}