Table 2 Global activities of clinical pharmacists in COVID-19 pandemic

North America

USA [34, 71]

•American College of Clinical Pharmacists (ACCP) made short documentary stories about COVID-19 related practice, information, research, education, and leadership.

•Started a new ambulatory care COVID-19 clinic for management of patients after hospital discharge at Ohio, Columbus.

•Provided service via telephone calls and collected information by MPN-SAF TSS and DIPSS plus and updated the information to the EMR before patient’s next visit.

•A US ID pharmacist from Miami Florida along with other clinical ID pharmacist all over the world started online platform, the IDstewardship.com blog and @IDstewardship social media profiles which are free and open access to over 41000 users. They provided reliable information during this pandemic.

Europe

UK [34]

•Along with Royal Pharmaceutical Society, United Kingdom Clinical Pharmacists Association started training webinars and clinical resource hub and delivered relevant resources for clinical pharmacists.

•Helped in policy making, advocacy and national guidance for pharmacists.

•Facilitated in COVID-19 clinical trials, intensive care units (ICU).

France [72]

•Besides taking care of COVID-19 patients, clinical pharmacists were involved in managing, analyzing and answering questions on an online Q&A hub (https://sfpt-fr.org/covid19) formed by French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

Asia

China [70]

•Provided updated treatment protocols, drug information, new drug therapy report, and helped the physicians as frontline caregivers by managing adverse drug reactions, dosing, drug-drug interactions, etc.

•Gave extra attention to particular patient population during the pandemic, e.g., elderly, pregnant, children, patients with previous chronic illness.

•Monitored drug-drug interactions for safety concerns such as lopinavir, ritonavir, tocilizumab, interferon, glucocorticoids, and immunomodulatory drugs.

•Provided pharmacovigilance research and remote virtual patient counseling.

Saudi Arabia [34]

•Saudi Society of Clinical Pharmacy (SSCP) published an opinion paper on Pharmacists roles and responsibilities during epidemics and pandemics in Saudi Arabia.

•A team of clinical pharmacists was involved in analyzing, publishing, updating and creating treatment protocols for COVID-19 according to the dynamic changes of the pandemic situation.

Qatar [34]

•A clinical pharmacist’s team dedicated as the frontline responders for the new established COVID-19 hospitals situated across Qatar and provided clinical interventions and partook in daily rounds.

Thailand [73]

•Clinical pharmacist team provided tele-monitoring service on daily basis for every patient by using physician order entry system.

•Co-operated with physicians and nurses for handling critical cases of COVID-19.

Lebanon [58]

•Clinical pharmacists along with the hospital multidisciplinary teams played crucial and unique roles in this pandemic. At American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), the ID pharmacist analyzed the information and research papers to establish a local clinical guideline for management of COVID-19.

•As frontline caregivers the clinical pharmacists performed therapeutic monitoring of COVID-19 patients and reviewed daily medication regimen

Pakistan [74]

•Promptly adapted the national COVID-19 treatment guidelines and provided healthcare to COVID-19 as well as non COVID-19 patients.

•Worked beyond their usual duties including, prescribing support, patients medication chart review, ward rounds, and counseling.

•Took part in reviewing new updated guidelines and treatment regimen

Africa

South Africa [57]

•South African Society of Clinical Pharmacy (SASOCP) published a practice guide for clinical pharmacists presenting the role of clinical pharmacist in COVID-19

Nigeria [34]

•Clinical Pharmacy Association of Nigeria (CPAN) started webinars about COVID-19 and its effect on daily work life.

•Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu was a part of the National Scientific Advisory Committee for verifying newly established COVID-19 cure.

•Pharmacists from the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, in the Africa Resource Centre Nigeria Hub helped to design receptive health supply chain systems for effective distribution of PPE and medicine for different states.

Oceania

Australia [34]

•Clinical pharmacists with the National COVID-19 Clinical Evidence Taskforce developed national, evidence based guidelines for the clinical care of COVID-19 patients.

•Provided clinical reviews for outpatients via Telehealth and remote counseling.