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Table 1 Phytochemical profile of whole leaves and flowers of Aloe vera

From: Review on the phytochemistry and toxicological profiles of Aloe vera and Aloe ferox

Plant part

Phytochemicals present

Method of extraction and solvent used

Method of detection

Ref

Fresh leaves

Phenolic acids; caffeoylquinic acid hexoside and 3,4-O-(E) caffeoyl feruloyl quinic acid

Anthraquinones; Aloeresin E, isoaloeresin D, and 2'-O-feruloylaloesin

Flavonoids; Orientin, vicenin II, and Lucenin II

Cold percolation (methanol)

HPLC–MS

[12]

Phenols, Alkaloids, saponins, and sterols

Cold maceration (Hexane)

Phytochemical screening and TLC

[13]

Saponins, sterols, and phenols

Cold maceration (Ethyl acetate)

Alkaloids, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, and phenols

Cold maceration (Methanol)

Alkaloids, tannins, sterols, flavonoids, and phenols

Cold maceration (Aqueous)

Chromones; aloesin, 8-C-glucosyl-7-O-methyl-(S)-aloesol and isoaloeresin D.

Phenyl pyrones; aloenin and aloenin B

Anthrones; Aloe emodin, aloin A and B, 8-O-methyl-7-hydroxyaloin A and B, and 10-hydroxyaloin A

Sonication (ethanol)

HPLC

[14]

Sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, aloin, aloe-emodin 8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, catechin, and epicatechin

Blended with 80% chilled acetone

HPLC

[15]

Cardiac glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, reducing sugar, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, carbohydrates, amino acids, tannins, and saponin glycosides

Cold maceration (methanol and ethanol)

Hot maceration (water)

Phytochemical screening

[16]

Dietary fiber (mannan), malic acid, α-tocopherol, phenolic compounds, and apigenin glycoside derivatives

Soxhlet extraction (petroleum ether)

Maceration (ethanol: water)

Uv-vis, MS

[17]

Phytosterols (β-sitosterol)

N/A

GC-MS

[18]

Aldehydes; 4-ethyllbenzaldehyde and benzene acetaldehyde

Acids; lauric acid, palmitic acid

Carboxylic acids; hydroxyoctanoic acid derivative, octadecanoic acid

Alkanes; hexadecane derivative

Maceration (hexane)

GC-MS

[19]

Terpenoids, Tannins, Flavonoids, resins, anthraquinones, saponins, glycosides, acidic compounds, lignin, semi anthraquinone like derivatives, polysaccharides, vitamin B complex, phenol-chromones, and chromones

Dissolution with 95% ethanol

Phytochemical screening and HPLC

[20]

Alkaloids, anthraquinones, terpenes, phenols, tannins, coumarins, and flavonoids

Sonication (dichloromethane and methanol)

Phytochemical screening

[21]

Dried leaves

Alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids

Cold percolation (methanol)

Phytochemical screening

[22]

Flavonoids, tannins, and saponins

Terpenoids; Squalene, phytol, and lupeol

Alkynes; 1-Tetradecyne and 1-Octadecyne

Carboxylic acids; Tridecanoic acid and

n-Hexadecanoic acid

Alkanes; 1-lodo-2-methylundecane, eicosane, octadecane, 2-methyl nonadecane, and tetracontane, 3,5,24-trimethyl-C

Fatty acids; Oleic acid

Dicarboxylic acid; Oxalic acid

Alcohol; 1-Octanol

Ester; 2-butyl- didodecyl phthalate

Vitamins; α-Tocopherol and vitamin E

Sterols; β-Sitosterol

Soxhlet extraction (distilled water, ethanol, acetone solution)

Phytochemical screening and GC-MS

[23]

Anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, squalene, oleic acid, dodecanoic acid, p-xylene, and n-hexadecanoic acid

Maceration (Water)

Phytochemical screening and GC-MS

[24]

Saponins, phytosterols, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, and carbohydrates

Soxhlet extraction (80% ethanol)

Phytochemical screening and GC-MS

[25]

tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, and alkaloids

Soxhlet extraction (chloroform)

Maceration (water)

Phytochemical screening

[26]

Dried Flowers

Phenolic compounds; Quercitrin, gentisic acid, and epicatechin

Maceration (methanol)

Reverse Phase-HPLC

[27]

Coumarin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, D-catechin, vanillic acid, narigenin, resveratrol, cinnamic acid, thymol, quercetin, and naringin

Maceration (70% ethanol)

HPLC

[28]

Phenolic acids; Chlorogenic, caffeic, 5-p-coumaroylquinic, caffeoyl shikimic, 5-feruloyl quinic, 5-p-cis-coumaroylquinic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids

Flavonoids; luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, isoorientin, isovitexin, kaempferol, saponarin, and lutonarin

Anthranoids; Aloe emodin

Ultrasonication (methanol)

HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS

[29]