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Table 2 Phytochemical profile of the gel, skin, powder, and extracts from A. vera leaves

From: Review on the phytochemistry and toxicological profiles of Aloe vera and Aloe ferox

Plant preparation used

Phytochemicals present

Method of extraction and solvent used

Method of detection

Ref

Crude herbal extract

Alkaloids, free anthraquinones, amino acids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and flavonoids

N/A

Phytochemical screening and TLC

[30]

Ethanol herbal extract

6-phenyl-2-pyrone derivatives (p-coumaroyl aloenin and aloenin A), naphthalene derivatives (aloveroside A), and anthraquinones.

N/A

TLC, HPLC, MS, IR, and NMR

[31]

Leaf exudate

Homonataloin, aloesin, aloenin, barbaloin, aloinosides A&B, and aloesone

Exudation into methanol

TLC

[32]

Chromones; aloesin, 8-C-glucosyl-(R)-aloesol, 8-C-glucosyl-7-O-(S)-methylaloesol, and

5-((S)-2β-oxo-4’-hydroxypentyl-2(-glucopyranosyl-oxymethyl) chromone.

Phenyl pyrones; 10-O-d-glucopyranosyl aloenin, aloenin, aloenin B, and aloenin-2’-p-coumaroyl ester

Anthrones; 10-hydroxyaloin B, 10-hydroxyaloin A, aloin B, aloin A, aloinoside B, and aloinoside A

Anthraquinone; Aloe emodin

Naphthalene derivative; Aloveroside B

Ultrasonic extraction (methanol and water)

HPLC-DAD and LCMS-IT-TOF

[33]

Free and glycosylated chromones: Aloesin and aloeresin A

Anthraquinones: Aloin and aloe emodin

Sonication (methanol: acetone: ethyl acetate)

Colorimetric assays, TOF-MS

[34]

Saponins, flavonoids, and tannins

Soxhlet (petroleum ether: chloroform: ethanol)

Phytochemical screening

[35]

Leaf gel

Fatty acids; hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, and 9-octadenoic acid

Sterols; Sitosterol, and stigmasterol

Alcohols; 1-octadecanol, 1-dodecanol

Alkanes; debocane, tricosane, and 4-methyl, 1-(phenylthioxomethyl)piperidine

Maceration (ethanol)

GC-MS

[36]

Chromones; 8-C-glucosyl-(2’-O-cinnamoyl)-7-O-methylaloediol A and B, 8-C-glucosyl-noreugenin, 4’-O-glucosyl-isoaloeresin DII, and 4’-O-glucosyl-isoaloeresin DI

(Ethanol)

HPLC and NMR

[37]

Phytosterols; cycloartanol, lophenol, 24-ethyl-lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol, and 24-methylene-cycloartanol

Trichloromethane and methanol

Column chromatography, NMR

[38]

Maloyl glucans; Veracylglucan A, B, and C

 

NMR, ESIMS, MALDI-TOF-MS, and capillary electrophoresis.

[39]

Pyrocatechol, ascorbic acid, coumaric acid, and p-coumaric acid

Cold maceration (ethanol and methanol)

Solvent fractionation, TLC, and GC-MS

[40]

Alkaloids, aldehydes, phytosterols, pyrimidines, phenolic acids/polyphenols, fatty acids, alkanes, organic acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids, ketones, and indoles

Blended with 95% ethanol and centrifuged

GC-MS

[41]

Carbohydrates, resins, reducing sugars, glucuronic acid, pentose derivatives, acetylated mannan, galactoglucoarabinomannan, glucomannone, and monosaccharides (alverose)

Extraction with ethanol

Phytochemical screening and HPLC

[20]

Cardiotonic glycosides, anthraglycosides, mucilages, and reducing sugars

Extraction with water

Phytochemical screening

[42]

Sterols type ∆5 and anthraquinones

Soxhlet (Chloroform)

Phytochemical screening

Triterpenoids, carbohydrates, saponins, anthraquinones, and naphthoquinones

Soxhlet extraction (Ethanol)

Phytochemical screening

Leaf skin

Steroids, tannins, terpenoids, catechin, carotenoids, and anthraquinones

Maceration (ethanol)

Phytochemical screening

[43]

Phenolic compounds; Sinapic acid, catechin, and quercetin

Maceration (methanol)

RP-HPLC

[28]

Leaf Powder

Chromones; Aloenin B, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2-methylchromone, aloin A & B, aloe emodin, 5-((4E)-2'-oxo-pentenyl)-2 hydroxymethylchromone, 7-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylchromone, and 10-hydroxyaloin A &B

Ultrasonication (70% methanol)

UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)

[44]

Resin

Aloeveraside A and B, benzene derivatives, terpenoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, anthraquinone glycosides, quinones, polypodane-type, and ferroxidin

Cold maceration (methanol)

TLC, NMR, IR, and MS

[45, 46]