From: Review on the phytochemistry and toxicological profiles of Aloe vera and Aloe ferox
Plant preparation used | Phytochemicals present | Method of extraction and solvent used | Method of detection | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude herbal extract | Alkaloids, free anthraquinones, amino acids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and flavonoids | N/A | Phytochemical screening and TLC | [30] |
Ethanol herbal extract | 6-phenyl-2-pyrone derivatives (p-coumaroyl aloenin and aloenin A), naphthalene derivatives (aloveroside A), and anthraquinones. | N/A | TLC, HPLC, MS, IR, and NMR | [31] |
Leaf exudate | Homonataloin, aloesin, aloenin, barbaloin, aloinosides A&B, and aloesone | Exudation into methanol | TLC | [32] |
Chromones; aloesin, 8-C-glucosyl-(R)-aloesol, 8-C-glucosyl-7-O-(S)-methylaloesol, and 5-((S)-2β-oxo-4’-hydroxypentyl-2(-glucopyranosyl-oxymethyl) chromone. Phenyl pyrones; 10-O-d-glucopyranosyl aloenin, aloenin, aloenin B, and aloenin-2’-p-coumaroyl ester Anthrones; 10-hydroxyaloin B, 10-hydroxyaloin A, aloin B, aloin A, aloinoside B, and aloinoside A Anthraquinone; Aloe emodin Naphthalene derivative; Aloveroside B | Ultrasonic extraction (methanol and water) | HPLC-DAD and LCMS-IT-TOF | [33] | |
Free and glycosylated chromones: Aloesin and aloeresin A Anthraquinones: Aloin and aloe emodin | Sonication (methanol: acetone: ethyl acetate) | Colorimetric assays, TOF-MS | [34] | |
Saponins, flavonoids, and tannins | Soxhlet (petroleum ether: chloroform: ethanol) | Phytochemical screening | [35] | |
Leaf gel | Fatty acids; hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, and 9-octadenoic acid Sterols; Sitosterol, and stigmasterol Alcohols; 1-octadecanol, 1-dodecanol Alkanes; debocane, tricosane, and 4-methyl, 1-(phenylthioxomethyl)piperidine | Maceration (ethanol) | GC-MS | [36] |
Chromones; 8-C-glucosyl-(2’-O-cinnamoyl)-7-O-methylaloediol A and B, 8-C-glucosyl-noreugenin, 4’-O-glucosyl-isoaloeresin DII, and 4’-O-glucosyl-isoaloeresin DI | (Ethanol) | HPLC and NMR | [37] | |
Phytosterols; cycloartanol, lophenol, 24-ethyl-lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol, and 24-methylene-cycloartanol | Trichloromethane and methanol | Column chromatography, NMR | [38] | |
Maloyl glucans; Veracylglucan A, B, and C | Â | NMR, ESIMS, MALDI-TOF-MS, and capillary electrophoresis. | [39] | |
Pyrocatechol, ascorbic acid, coumaric acid, and p-coumaric acid | Cold maceration (ethanol and methanol) | Solvent fractionation, TLC, and GC-MS | [40] | |
Alkaloids, aldehydes, phytosterols, pyrimidines, phenolic acids/polyphenols, fatty acids, alkanes, organic acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids, ketones, and indoles | Blended with 95% ethanol and centrifuged | GC-MS | [41] | |
Carbohydrates, resins, reducing sugars, glucuronic acid, pentose derivatives, acetylated mannan, galactoglucoarabinomannan, glucomannone, and monosaccharides (alverose) | Extraction with ethanol | Phytochemical screening and HPLC | [20] | |
Cardiotonic glycosides, anthraglycosides, mucilages, and reducing sugars | Extraction with water | Phytochemical screening | [42] | |
Sterols type ∆5 and anthraquinones | Soxhlet (Chloroform) | Phytochemical screening | ||
Triterpenoids, carbohydrates, saponins, anthraquinones, and naphthoquinones | Soxhlet extraction (Ethanol) | Phytochemical screening | ||
Leaf skin | Steroids, tannins, terpenoids, catechin, carotenoids, and anthraquinones | Maceration (ethanol) | Phytochemical screening | [43] |
Phenolic compounds; Sinapic acid, catechin, and quercetin | Maceration (methanol) | RP-HPLC | [28] | |
Leaf Powder | Chromones; Aloenin B, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2-methylchromone, aloin A & B, aloe emodin, 5-((4E)-2'-oxo-pentenyl)-2 hydroxymethylchromone, 7-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylchromone, and 10-hydroxyaloin A &B | Ultrasonication (70% methanol) | UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) | [44] |
Resin | Aloeveraside A and B, benzene derivatives, terpenoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, anthraquinone glycosides, quinones, polypodane-type, and ferroxidin | Cold maceration (methanol) | TLC, NMR, IR, and MS |