Table 3 Phytochemical profile of Aloe ferox

Fresh leaves

Phenolic acids; caffeoylquinic acid hexoside and 3,4-O-(E) caffeoyl feruloyl quinic acid

Anthraquinones; Aloeresin E, isoaloeresin D, and 2'-O-feruloylaloesin

Flavonoids; Lucenin II, vicenin II, and orientin

Cold percolation (methanol)

HPLC-MS

[12]

Sinapic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, aloe-emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, aloin, and epicatechin

Blended with 80% chilled acetone

HPLC

[15]

Dried leaves

Aloe emodin, aloin A, and chrysophanol

Maceration (water)

Vacuum liquid fractionation, column chromatography

[47]

Phenols, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, and tannins

Cold maceration (distilled water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol)

Phytochemical screening

[48]

Condensed tannins, flavonoids, and gallotannins

Extraction by sonication (methanol) followed by successive extraction with petroleum ether, dichloromethane, and ethanol)

Phytochemical screening

[49]

Dried leaf latex

Naphtha [2,3-c] furan derivatives; 5-hydroxy-3-methylnaphtho[2,3-c] furan-4,9-dione and 5-hydroxy-3-methylnaphtho[2,3-c] furan-4(1H)-one, anthraquinones, and 5-hydroxy-3-methylnaphtho[2,3-c] furan-4(9H)-one

Dissolution in water

X-ray analysis and spectroscopy

[50]

Leaf resin

hydroxyanthracene derivatives (aloin)

N/A

TLC

[51]

Leaf juice

Volatile oils; 5-methyl-3-heptanol, bornylene, 1, 3-cyclopentadiene, 3, 6 octatriene, and 3-cyclohexane-1-hetanol

Hydro distillation (water)

GC-MS

[52]

Dried exudate

Free and glycosylated chromones; Aloeresin B & F and 7-O-methyl aloeresin

Naphthalene derivative; feroxin A

Anthraquinones; hydroxyaloin and 8-O-Methyl- 7-hydroxyaloin

Sonication (methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate mixture)

Colorimetric assays, Q-TOF-MS

[34]

Aloe emodin, furoaloesone, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 10-oxooctadecanoic acid, p-hydroxyacetophenone, pyrocatechol, 7-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylchromone, 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 2-acetonyl-8-(2-furoylmethyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methylchromone, and methyl 10-hydroxyoctadecanoate,

Maceration (hexane and aqueous acetone)

Solvent partitioning, column chromatography, TLC, NMR, and MS

[53]

Roots

Phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, flavonols, and saponins

Maceration (water)

Phytochemical screening

[54]

Leaf gel

Alkaloids, phenolic acids/polyphenols, phytosterols, organic acids, fatty acids, indoles, alkanes, alcohols, pyrimidines, aldehydes, dicarboxylic acids, and ketones

Blended with 95% ethanol and centrifuged

GC-MS

[55]