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Table 3 Potential novel approach-based strategies for ocular diagnostics

From: Recent advances in ocular drug delivery systems and targeting VEGF receptors for management of ocular angiogenesis: A comprehensive review

Novel technique

Author/Year/ Journal

Study

Conclusion

References

Ocular gene therapy

Testa et al., (2013), Ophthalmol

Conducted clinical trial for 3 years on 5 patients having Leber congenital amaurosis type 2 (LCA2) and the treatment was done with one unilateral injection of adeno-associated virus AAV2-hRPE65v2

They concluded retinal and visual function improvement to a greater extent

[145]

 

Tamboli et al., (2011), Ther Deliv

Reviewed on polymeric vectors for ocular gene delivery

They summarized that polymers are considered as a vector for gene therapy due to their non-toxic and non-immunogenic nature

[146]

Ocular inserts

Mirzaeei et al., (2017), J Rep Pharm Sci

Designed soluble ocular insert for controlled release of chloramphenicol

They concluded that the prepared formulation shown sustained drug release and reduced frequency of administration

[147]

 

Franca et al., (2014), PloS One

Prepared bimatoprost loaded ocular insert for glaucoma

They reported that bimatoprost loaded ocular insert reduced intraocular pressure and increased precorneal residence time

[148]

Implants

Catalu et al., (2018), Rom J Ophthalmol

Developed ocular implants-methods of ocular reconstruction following radical surgical interventions

They reported that use of integrated hydroxyapatite implant in enucleated patients for superior incorporation of ocular prosthesis resulting in better movement

[82]

 

Gradinaru et al., (2015), J Med Life

Developed hydroxyapatite ocular implant and non-integrated implants in eviscerated patients

They reported that hydroxyapatite ocular implant caused larger rate of conjunctival dehiscence, where extrusion of implant and socket infection was seen for non-integrated ocular implants

[149]

Microneedle Technology

Takur et al., (2016), Drug Deliv and Transl Res

Prepared instantly dissolving polymeric microneedles for minimally invasive intraocular drug delivery

They reported that MN technology able to deliver high molecular weight drugs and dissolving MN possess greater applications in improving ocular delivery

[150]

 

Prausnitz et al., (2007), Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci

Developed ocular drug delivery using a microneedle

They concluded that no inflammatory responses and delivered the drug into the ocular region

[151]

Iontophoresis

Molokhiaet al., (2020), Ocul Pharmacol Ther

Examined the transscleral iontophoresis of macromolecules effect in vitro and in vivo

They showed that transscleral iontophoresis successfully delivered macromolecules into cornea and sclera

[152]

 

Sun et al., (2015), J Ophthalmol

Examined the use of reverse iontophoresis to extract iron from Rabbit anterior chamber

They concluded that reverse iontophoresis is a non-invasive and promising approach to treat ocular siderosis by iron extraction from the anterior chamber

[153]

In situ gel

Nagai et al., (2020), Front Bioeng Biotechnol

Developed methylcellulose and tranilast solid nanoparticles

They reported increased ocular surface residence time and absorption of the drug from nanoparticles

[154]

 

Barse et al., (2017), Drug Dev Ind Pharm

Designed pH triggered brimonidine tartrate in situ gel to treat glaucoma

The developed in situ gelling system showed good results and can be a better ophthalmic formulation in reducing intraocular pressure

[155]

Contact lens

Qin et al., (2017), Biomaterials

Developed ciprofloxacin-loaded contact lenses using fluorous chemistry

They successfully constructed a drug delivery system that exhibits controlled drug release, high drug loading capacity and efficient biological activity

[156]

 

Garhwal et al., (2012), Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci

Developed antibiotic-loaded nanospheres to incorporate on conventional contact lenses that

They concluded that sustained and effective bactericidal activity using a novel approach

[157]

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Hassanzadeh et al., (2019), Adv Drug Deliv Rev

Significance of AI in drug delivery system

They reported that artificial neural networks are helpful in the development of novel hypotheses and medical strategy

[103]

 

Schmidt et al., (2018), Prog Retin Eye Res

Evaluated effect of AI in the retina

They concluded that AI in the retina will empower the quality of diagnosis/therapy to eradicate issues in current ophthalmology

[158]

Nanoemulsion

Zhang et al., (2018), Biomed Pharmacother

Developed and studied nanoencapsulation using PLGA on the anti-angiogenic activity of bevacizumab for ocular angiogenesis

They reported enhanced therapeutic efficiency of bevacizumab for ocular neovascularization

[159]

 

Salimi et al., (2017), Asian J Pharm

Prepared celecoxib nanoemulsion for ocular delivery

They concluded celecoxib nanoemulsion showed enhanced permeability, prolonged release with better availability

[160]

Nanosuspension

Yadollahi et al., (2015), J Nanomater

Reviewed on nanosuspension technologies for delivering lipophilic drugs

They summarized that nanosuspension is a flexible technique and creating novel clinical approaches for treating various ocular diseases

[161]

 

Jacob et al., (2020), Biomater Res

Reviewed on role of nanosuspensions in delivering various drugs

They reported that nanosuspension has the potential to eradicate challenges associated with many drug delivery systems

[162]

Nanoparticle

Khan et al., (2019), Arab J Chem

Reviewed on nanoparticles properties, application and toxicities

They summarized that due to nano-sized particles it is a suitable candidate for various techniques

[163]

 

Bourges et al., (2003), Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci

Examined the delivery of polylactide (PLA) nanoparticles to target retina and retinal pigment epithelium

They concluded that PLA nanoparticles remained in the retinal pigmental epithelial cells and continuous delivery of drugs achieved

[164]

Nanomicelles

Singh et al., (2018), Int J Pharm Sci Res

Reviewed on impact of nanomicelle for ocular drug delivery system

They summarized nanomicelles are the ocular drug delivery due to their exceptional biocompatibility, low toxicity, enhanced blood circulation time

[165]

 

Xu et al., (2020), Carbohydr polym

Development of topical ocular delivery of dexamethasone from functionalized chitosan oligosaccharide nanomicelles

They reported that nanomicelles could be a prominent drug delivery system in various ocular conditions

[166]

Liposomes

Taha et al., (2013), Saudi Pharm J

Designed liposomal colloidal system of ciprofloxacin for ocular delivery

They concluded that liposomes enhanced drug bioavailability

[167]

 

Lai et al., (2019), J Nanobiotechnol

Reviewed on liposomes for effective drug delivery to the ocular posterior chamber

They concluded that it is a potential way of technique to treat ocular diseases

[168]

Niosomes

Praveen et al., (2018), Int J App Pharm

Developed niosomal in situ gel containing prednisolone sodium phosphate for ocular drug delivery

They concluded that niosomal in situ gel of prednisolone sodium phosphate increased bioavailability in the ocular region

[169]

 

Durak et al., (2020), Nanomaterials

Reviewed on niosomal drug delivery systems for ocular disease

They summarized various uses of niosomes in gene delivery to both the posterior and anterior region of the eye followed by enhanced permeation through cornea and greater ocular bioavailability

[170]

Dendrimers

Michael et al., (2017), Can J Chem

Reviewed on dendrimers for ocular delivery

They concluded that dendrimers hold tremendous potential as ocular drug delivery vehicles

[171]

 

Yavuz et al., (2013), Sci World J

Reviewed on dendrimeric systems and application in ocular drug delivery

They described that even though the dendrimers are not involved clinically, they could be a better ocular delivery system in near future

[172]

Polymeric micelles

Safwat et al., (2020), Drug Deliv

Developed polymeric micelles for the ocular delivery of triamcinolone acetonide

They concluded that prepared polymeric micelles delivered drugs in sustained manner and corneal inflammation completely reduced

[173]

 

Arafa et al., (2020), Int J Nanomed

Developed chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory efficacy of atorvastatin calcium

They concluded that prepared nanoparticle enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin calcium

[174]

Biodegradable microspheres

Liu et al., (2019), Curr Eye Res

Prepared biodegradable microsphere-hydrogel ocular drug delivery system for controlled and extended release of bioactive aflibercept in vitro

They concluded that prepared microsphere hydrogel was safe and delivered aflibercept in controlled manner

[144]

 

Liu et al., (2020), Transl Vis Sci Technol

Developed biodegradable aflibercept-loaded microsphere-hydrogel drug delivery system

They concluded that prepared aflibercept-loaded microspheres treated choroidal neovascularization lesions and the prepared formulation was safe and biocompatible

[175]

Photothermal therapy

Hatamie et al., (2020), Nanomaterials

Synergic effect of novel WS2 carriers holding spherical cobalt ferrite @cubic Fe3O4 (WS2/s-CoFe2O4@c-Fe3O4) nanocomposites in magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal therapy for ocular treatments and investigation of corneal endothelial cell migration

They concluded that for eye diseases designed nanocomposites have a synergic effect as photothermal therapy agents and also target drug delivery in an ocular drug delivery system using MRI

[176]

 

Levin et al., (2019), Beilstein J Nanotechnol

Developed tungsten disulfide-based nanocomposites for photothermal therapy

They concluded that prepared nanocomposites are additional cancer therapy agents for achieving increased therapeutic activity

[177]