Novel technique | Author/Year/ Journal | Study | Conclusion | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ocular gene therapy | Testa et al., (2013), Ophthalmol | Conducted clinical trial for 3Â years on 5 patients having Leber congenital amaurosis type 2 (LCA2) and the treatment was done with one unilateral injection of adeno-associated virus AAV2-hRPE65v2 | They concluded retinal and visual function improvement to a greater extent | [145] |
 | Tamboli et al., (2011), Ther Deliv | Reviewed on polymeric vectors for ocular gene delivery | They summarized that polymers are considered as a vector for gene therapy due to their non-toxic and non-immunogenic nature | [146] |
Ocular inserts | Mirzaeei et al., (2017), J Rep Pharm Sci | Designed soluble ocular insert for controlled release of chloramphenicol | They concluded that the prepared formulation shown sustained drug release and reduced frequency of administration | [147] |
 | Franca et al., (2014), PloS One | Prepared bimatoprost loaded ocular insert for glaucoma | They reported that bimatoprost loaded ocular insert reduced intraocular pressure and increased precorneal residence time | [148] |
Implants | Catalu et al., (2018), Rom J Ophthalmol | Developed ocular implants-methods of ocular reconstruction following radical surgical interventions | They reported that use of integrated hydroxyapatite implant in enucleated patients for superior incorporation of ocular prosthesis resulting in better movement | [82] |
 | Gradinaru et al., (2015), J Med Life | Developed hydroxyapatite ocular implant and non-integrated implants in eviscerated patients | They reported that hydroxyapatite ocular implant caused larger rate of conjunctival dehiscence, where extrusion of implant and socket infection was seen for non-integrated ocular implants | [149] |
Microneedle Technology | Takur et al., (2016), Drug Deliv and Transl Res | Prepared instantly dissolving polymeric microneedles for minimally invasive intraocular drug delivery | They reported that MN technology able to deliver high molecular weight drugs and dissolving MN possess greater applications in improving ocular delivery | [150] |
 | Prausnitz et al., (2007), Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci | Developed ocular drug delivery using a microneedle | They concluded that no inflammatory responses and delivered the drug into the ocular region | [151] |
Iontophoresis | Molokhiaet al., (2020), Ocul Pharmacol Ther | Examined the transscleral iontophoresis of macromolecules effect in vitro and in vivo | They showed that transscleral iontophoresis successfully delivered macromolecules into cornea and sclera | [152] |
 | Sun et al., (2015), J Ophthalmol | Examined the use of reverse iontophoresis to extract iron from Rabbit anterior chamber | They concluded that reverse iontophoresis is a non-invasive and promising approach to treat ocular siderosis by iron extraction from the anterior chamber | [153] |
In situ gel | Nagai et al., (2020), Front Bioeng Biotechnol | Developed methylcellulose and tranilast solid nanoparticles | They reported increased ocular surface residence time and absorption of the drug from nanoparticles | [154] |
 | Barse et al., (2017), Drug Dev Ind Pharm | Designed pH triggered brimonidine tartrate in situ gel to treat glaucoma | The developed in situ gelling system showed good results and can be a better ophthalmic formulation in reducing intraocular pressure | [155] |
Contact lens | Qin et al., (2017), Biomaterials | Developed ciprofloxacin-loaded contact lenses using fluorous chemistry | They successfully constructed a drug delivery system that exhibits controlled drug release, high drug loading capacity and efficient biological activity | [156] |
 | Garhwal et al., (2012), Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci | Developed antibiotic-loaded nanospheres to incorporate on conventional contact lenses that | They concluded that sustained and effective bactericidal activity using a novel approach | [157] |
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Hassanzadeh et al., (2019), Adv Drug Deliv Rev | Significance of AI in drug delivery system | They reported that artificial neural networks are helpful in the development of novel hypotheses and medical strategy | [103] |
 | Schmidt et al., (2018), Prog Retin Eye Res | Evaluated effect of AI in the retina | They concluded that AI in the retina will empower the quality of diagnosis/therapy to eradicate issues in current ophthalmology | [158] |
Nanoemulsion | Zhang et al., (2018), Biomed Pharmacother | Developed and studied nanoencapsulation using PLGA on the anti-angiogenic activity of bevacizumab for ocular angiogenesis | They reported enhanced therapeutic efficiency of bevacizumab for ocular neovascularization | [159] |
 | Salimi et al., (2017), Asian J Pharm | Prepared celecoxib nanoemulsion for ocular delivery | They concluded celecoxib nanoemulsion showed enhanced permeability, prolonged release with better availability | [160] |
Nanosuspension | Yadollahi et al., (2015), J Nanomater | Reviewed on nanosuspension technologies for delivering lipophilic drugs | They summarized that nanosuspension is a flexible technique and creating novel clinical approaches for treating various ocular diseases | [161] |
 | Jacob et al., (2020), Biomater Res | Reviewed on role of nanosuspensions in delivering various drugs | They reported that nanosuspension has the potential to eradicate challenges associated with many drug delivery systems | [162] |
Nanoparticle | Khan et al., (2019), Arab J Chem | Reviewed on nanoparticles properties, application and toxicities | They summarized that due to nano-sized particles it is a suitable candidate for various techniques | [163] |
 | Bourges et al., (2003), Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci | Examined the delivery of polylactide (PLA) nanoparticles to target retina and retinal pigment epithelium | They concluded that PLA nanoparticles remained in the retinal pigmental epithelial cells and continuous delivery of drugs achieved | [164] |
Nanomicelles | Singh et al., (2018), Int J Pharm Sci Res | Reviewed on impact of nanomicelle for ocular drug delivery system | They summarized nanomicelles are the ocular drug delivery due to their exceptional biocompatibility, low toxicity, enhanced blood circulation time | [165] |
 | Xu et al., (2020), Carbohydr polym | Development of topical ocular delivery of dexamethasone from functionalized chitosan oligosaccharide nanomicelles | They reported that nanomicelles could be a prominent drug delivery system in various ocular conditions | [166] |
Liposomes | Taha et al., (2013), Saudi Pharm J | Designed liposomal colloidal system of ciprofloxacin for ocular delivery | They concluded that liposomes enhanced drug bioavailability | [167] |
 | Lai et al., (2019), J Nanobiotechnol | Reviewed on liposomes for effective drug delivery to the ocular posterior chamber | They concluded that it is a potential way of technique to treat ocular diseases | [168] |
Niosomes | Praveen et al., (2018), Int J App Pharm | Developed niosomal in situ gel containing prednisolone sodium phosphate for ocular drug delivery | They concluded that niosomal in situ gel of prednisolone sodium phosphate increased bioavailability in the ocular region | [169] |
 | Durak et al., (2020), Nanomaterials | Reviewed on niosomal drug delivery systems for ocular disease | They summarized various uses of niosomes in gene delivery to both the posterior and anterior region of the eye followed by enhanced permeation through cornea and greater ocular bioavailability | [170] |
Dendrimers | Michael et al., (2017), Can J Chem | Reviewed on dendrimers for ocular delivery | They concluded that dendrimers hold tremendous potential as ocular drug delivery vehicles | [171] |
 | Yavuz et al., (2013), Sci World J | Reviewed on dendrimeric systems and application in ocular drug delivery | They described that even though the dendrimers are not involved clinically, they could be a better ocular delivery system in near future | [172] |
Polymeric micelles | Safwat et al., (2020), Drug Deliv | Developed polymeric micelles for the ocular delivery of triamcinolone acetonide | They concluded that prepared polymeric micelles delivered drugs in sustained manner and corneal inflammation completely reduced | [173] |
 | Arafa et al., (2020), Int J Nanomed | Developed chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory efficacy of atorvastatin calcium | They concluded that prepared nanoparticle enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin calcium | [174] |
Biodegradable microspheres | Liu et al., (2019), Curr Eye Res | Prepared biodegradable microsphere-hydrogel ocular drug delivery system for controlled and extended release of bioactive aflibercept in vitro | They concluded that prepared microsphere hydrogel was safe and delivered aflibercept in controlled manner | [144] |
 | Liu et al., (2020), Transl Vis Sci Technol | Developed biodegradable aflibercept-loaded microsphere-hydrogel drug delivery system | They concluded that prepared aflibercept-loaded microspheres treated choroidal neovascularization lesions and the prepared formulation was safe and biocompatible | [175] |
Photothermal therapy | Hatamie et al., (2020), Nanomaterials | Synergic effect of novel WS2Â carriers holding spherical cobalt ferrite @cubic Fe3O4Â (WS2/s-CoFe2O4@c-Fe3O4) nanocomposites in magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal therapy for ocular treatments and investigation of corneal endothelial cell migration | They concluded that for eye diseases designed nanocomposites have a synergic effect as photothermal therapy agents and also target drug delivery in an ocular drug delivery system using MRI | [176] |
 | Levin et al., (2019), Beilstein J Nanotechnol | Developed tungsten disulfide-based nanocomposites for photothermal therapy | They concluded that prepared nanocomposites are additional cancer therapy agents for achieving increased therapeutic activity | [177] |