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Table 2 Antibacterial activity of 14 selected herb juices and aqueous plant extracts against B. pseudomallei VTCC 70157 under different in vitro testing conditions

From: Thermal and gastric stability of antimicrobial activity of juices and aqueous extracts prepared from common eligible herbs and traditional medicinal plants against Burkholderia pseudomallei and other enteric bacteria

No

Plant species

(Family)

Used parts

Traditional cures

Treatment or preparation at different temperatures

Treatment under gastric conditions

Cytotoxicity (IC50)

°C

MIC

MBC

MIC

MBC

HT29

HepG2

HEK293

Juices from fresh herbs

1

Allium tuberosum Rottler ex spreng

(Amaryllidaceae)

Whole plant

Sore throat, cough and skin infection

25

0.09

0.72

0.18

0.72

0.07

0.43

0.37

70

0.09

1.44

     

100

0.70

2.80

     

2

Allium sativum L.

(Amaryllidaceae)

Cloves

Sore throat, dysentery, injuries with pus and other infections

25

3.15

12.60

12.60

100.80

1.69

3.12

1.12

70

–

–

     

100

–

–

     

Aqueous extracts from dry plants

3

Blechnum orientale L.

(Blechnaceae)

Leaf

Dysentery, diarrhea and haematuria

25

3.98

7.96

     

70

1.22

4.88

     

100

1.15

4.60

1.15

9.20

1.54

0.75

1.89

4

Breynia fruticosa (L.) Müll.Arg.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Leaf

Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, gastritis, enteritis, dysentery, pimples and dermatitis

25

3.00

3.00

     

70

4.27

4.27

     

100

0.70

1.40

1.40

2.80

1.34

3.91

2.09

5

Euphorbia hirta L.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Aerial parts

Dysentery, enteritis, nephritis, pyelonephritis, dermatitis and shingles

25

–

–

     

70

0.80

–

     

100

0.95

1.90

1.90

7.60

5.77

2.16

2.88

6

Euphorbia thymifolia L.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Aerial parts

Dysentery and pimples

25

5.30

–

     

70

0.74

–

     

100

0.83

1.66

1.66

13.28

3.53

2.07

2.12

7

Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Leaf

Diarrhea, haematuria and ulcers

25

0.44

–

     

70

0.26

4.16

     

100

0.45

0.90

0.90

3.60

4.38

1.52

2.37

8

Mangifera indica L.

(Anacardiaceae)

Leaf

Sore throat, stomach ache, dysentery, cholera and chronic bronchitis

25

3.74

–

     

70

1.13

–

     

100

1.40

1.40

1.40

1.40

5.27

4.07

4.98

9

Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et Thonn.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Aerial parts

Typhoid, colitis, gastritis, nephritis, diarrhea and hepatitis

25

0.89

1.78

     

70

0.63

1.26

     

100

0.75

1.50

1.50

3.00

0.93

1.17

1.24

10

Psidium guajava L.

(Myrtaceae)

Leaf

Dysentery, acute enteritis and diarrhea

25

0.32

0.64

     

70

0.23

0.46

     

100

0.21

0.21

0.42

0.42

0.60

0.54

0.39

11

Punica granatum L.

(Lythraceae)

Leaf

Dysentery, diarrhea and urinary tract infections

25

0.49

7.84

     

70

0.69

11.04

     

100

0.37

0.74

0.37

0.74

1.01

1.56

2.65

12

Rhodomyrtus tomentos (Aiton) Hassk

(Myrtaceae)

Leaf

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, burns, ulcers and wounds

25

0.58

4.64

     

70

0.58

0.58

     

100

0.30

0.60

0.30

0.60

0.76

0.62

0.40

13

Rosa odorata (hort. ex Andrews) Sweet

Rosaceae

Petals

Cough, pertussis and pimples

25

–

–

     

70

2.40

–

     

100

0.60

1.20

1.20

2.40

2.84

1.53

1.63

14

Schima wallichii Choisy

(Theaceae)

Leaf

Dysentery, enteritis, ulcers and wounds

25

0.48

1.92

     

70

0.38

0.76

     

100

0.46

0.92

0.92

0.92

1.50

nd

1.01

 

Meropenem (30 µg/ml)

   

1:32a

1:16

  

> 1:8b

> 1:8b

> 1:8b

 

Doxycycline (30 µg/ml)

   

1:16a

> 1:4b

  

> 1:8b

> 1:8b

> 1:8b

 

Augmentin (60/30 µg/ml)

   

1:16a

1:8

  

> 1:8b

> 1:8b

> 1:8b

 

DMSO (%)

       

2.6

2.4

3.5

  1. MIC, MBC, and IC50 units are given as mg/ml. Data present the mean value of two replicates
  2. nd not determined
  3. –, the herb juices and aqueous plant extracts did not show the inhibitory and bactericidal activity against B. pseudomallei VTCC 70157
  4. aThe dilution values are equal to the MIC values of 0.93, 1.87 and 3.75/1.87 µg/ml for meropenem, doxycycline and amoxicillin clavulanic acid, respectively. According to the CLSI guideline in the interpretation, B. pseudomallei VTCC 70157 is sensitive to three antibiotics tested
  5. bNo MIC or IC50 values were observed. Therefore the data are given as above these dilutions