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Table 3 Application of terpenes in penetration enhancement

From: A comprehensive review on invasomal carriers incorporating natural terpenes for augmented transdermal delivery

Terpene and reference

Drugs

Mechanism

Carvone [47, 59,60,61]

Zidovudine

Fluidization of lipids

Nicardipine HCl

Extraction of lipids

Nimodipine

Breaking of lipid bilayer and SC lipid extraction partially

Diclofenac sodium

Increased drug diffusion and drug partitioning

Genistein

Disruption of lipid bilayer

1,8-Cineole [62,63,64]

Ondansetron hydrochloride

Fluidization of lipids

Valsartan

SC lipid extraction and denaturation of keratin

Propranolol hydrochloride

SC lipid extraction, disruption and keratin denaturation

Farnesol [65]

Propranolol hydrochloride

Increased drug diffusion through intercellular lipids

Geraniol [65, 66]

Propranolol hydrochloride

Increased drug diffusion

Terbinafine

Disruption of SC lipid bilayer

Limonene [61, 62, 67]

Genistein

Disruption of SC lipid bilayer

Ondansetron hydrochloride

 

Haloperidol

 

Linalool [68]

Lomerizine dihydrochloride

Increased fluidity and disruption of lipid bilayer structure

Geniposide

Interrupting the lipid organization and extraction of SC lipids

Menthol [61, 62, 67, 68]

Genistein

Stratum Corneum lipid bilayer disruption

Lomerizine dihydrochloride

Increased fluidity and disruption of lipid bilayer structure

Valsartan

SC lipid extraction and breaking up of hydrogen bonds

Nerolidol [66, 69, 70]

Terbinafine

Disruption of lipid bilayer

Hydrocortisone

Hydrophobic lipid arrangement disruption

Ondansetron hydrochloride

–

Terpinen-4-ol [71]

Geniposide

SC lipid agitation and extraction

Puerarin