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Table 1 Plants potential for anti-diabetic activity

From: Plant bioactive compounds and their mechanistic approaches in the treatment of diabetes: a review

S. no

Plant name

Common name

Part used

Bioactive compound

Animal model

References

1

Berleria cristata L.

Kala Bansa

Seeds

a-Tocopherol, pCoumaric acid, Barlerin and Luteolin etc

Alloxan induced diabetic rat

[16]

2

Melia azadirachta

Chinaberry

Leaf

Terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, acids, anthraquinones, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and limonoids

Alloxan induced diabetic rat

[17, 18]

4

Emblica officinalis Gaertn.

Indian gooseberry

Leaves

Tannins, amlaic acid, astragalin, ellagic acid, gallo-tannin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, phyllantidine, phyllantine and rutin

Streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats

[19]

5

Padina boergesenii

Water primose

Whole algae

Pigments, fucoidans, phycocolloids and phlorotannins

STZ induced rat model

[20]

6

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Indian kino or Bijasar

Bark

(−)-epicatechin, phenolic constituents such as marsupin, protosupin and pterostilbene

Alloxan monohydrate induced male albino wistar rat

[21, 22]

7

Momordica charantia L.

Bitter melons

Fresh or dried fruits

Cucurbitane, charantin, Momordicine II

In STZ-induced T2DM mice

[23]

8

Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

Fenugreek

Fruits

Polyphenols, steroids, lipids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, galactomannanfiber, and amino acids (4-hydroxyisoleucine)

Streptozocin-induced diabetic rats

[24]

9

Hibiscus rosasinensis

China rose

Flower

Tannins, anthraquinones, quinines, phenols, flavanoides, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, protein, free amino acids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, mucilage, essential oils and steroids

Non-obesediabetic (NOD) mouse

[25]

10

Withania somnifera (L.)

Ashwagandha

Root and leaves

Withanolides: withaferin A, withanone, withanolide A, withanolide B, and withanoside IV terpenoids, alkaloids and phenylpropanoids

Streptozotocin induced DM

[26, 27]

11

Ocimum tenufolium

Tulsi

Fresh or dried leaves

Eugenol, methyleugenol, and _- and _-caryophyllene

Alloxaninduced diabetic rats

[28]

12

Tinospora cordifolia

Guduchi

Stem, whole plant

Polyphenol, alkaloid and terpenes

Ehrlich ascites tumor cell model system, alloxan treated albino rats

[29, 30]

13

Gymnema sylvestre

Gurmar

Leaves

Tannin, quinones, flavonoids, and phenols, saponins (Oleanane and dammarane)

STZ induced male rat model

[31, 32]

14

Enicostemma littorale

Chota-kirayata

Whole plant

Alkaloids like enicoflavin and gentiocrucine, catechins, saponins, two sterols, triterpinoids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, xanthones and volatile oil

Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

[33, 34]

15

Cinnamomum tamala

Indian Cassia

Whole plant

Saponins, phytosterols, fatty acids, carbohydrates, monoterpene, sesquiterpene, geraniolandlinolol, cinnamicaldehyde, eugenol

STZ induced male wistar rat model

[34]

16

Allium cepa L.

Onion

Freshor dried bulb

Quercetin, Rutin, l-Cysteinesulfoxide, Allyl propyl disulphide

Alloxan induced diabetic rats

[35]

17

Azadirachta indica A. Juss

Neem

Dried leaves

Azadirachtins (e.g., azadirachtolide, azadiradione, gedunin and meliacinolin)

STZ induced Mice model

[36]

18

Anacardium occidentale Linn.

Cashew

Leaves

Phenolic, triterpenoids, carbohydrate, xanthoprotein and flavonoids

STZ induced rat model

[37, 38]

19

Brassica oleracea

Broccoli

Sprouts

Antioxidant, vitamins terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compound(kaempferol, quercetin), tannins, saponins

Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

[39]

20

Eugenia jambolana

Indian blackberry or Jamun

Seed

Gallic acid and polyphenolic compounds

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat

[40]

21

Cassia auriculata Linn.

Tanner’s Cassia

Flowers

Flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and β-sitosterol8-9

Alloxan Diabetic Rats

[41]

22

Curcuma longa

Turmeric

Rhizomes

Curcumin, diferuloylmethane, curcuminoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside and resins, Carbohydrate, terpenes and steroid, Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, balsams and phenols

Alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic rats

[42, 43]

23

Thunbergia laurifolia Linn.

Blue trumpet vine

Flower, leaves

Grandifloric acid, benzyl β-glucopyranoside, benzyl β-(2′-O-β-glucopyranosyl)- glucopyranoside, 6-C-glucopyranosyl apigenin, 6,8-di-Cglucopyranosyl apigenin, (E)-2-hexenyl-β-glucopyranoside, and hexanol-β-glucopyranoside

Alloxan-induced diabetic rats

[44]

24

Acacia arabica

Babul

Bark

Polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids (for example, quercetin)

streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rat

[45]

25

Aegle marmelos (L.)

Bael

Leaves

Carotenoids, phenolic, alkaloids, pectins, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids and terpenoids

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Rats (Long Evan)

[46, 47]

26

Agrimony eupatoria

Common Agrimony

Leaves

TANNINS, volatile oil and coumarin, gum, phytosterol, polysaccharides,

STZ-diabetic mice

[48]

27

Allium sativum L.

Garlic

Bulb

Flavonoid(quercetin), di (2-propenyl) disulphide and 2-propenyl propyl disulphide

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats

[49]

28

Aloe barbadensis

Ghritkumari

Leaves

Aloe emodin, Aloin/Barbaloin

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats

[50, 51]

29

Benincasa hispida

Ash gourd

Fruits

Volatile oils, flavonoids, glycosides, saccharides, proteins, carotenes, vitamins, minerals, ß-sitosterin and uronic acid

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rat

[52, 53]

30

Beta vulgaris L.

Beet root

Root juice

Flavonoids, saponins, sterols and triterpenes

Alloxan monohydrate induced diabetes in albino rats

[54, 55]

31

Caesalpinia bonducella Roxb

Fever nut

Seeds

Furanoditerpenes, phytosterinin, β-sitosterol, flavonoids, bonducellin, aspartic acid, arginine, citrulline, β-carotene

Alloxan monohydrate induced diabetes in wistar rats

[56]

32

Citrullus colocynthis

Bitter apple or a bitter cucumber

Fruits

Flavonoids alkaloids, saponins, tannins and phenols

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats

[57]

33

Coccinia indica

Ivy gourd

Leaves

Triterpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, phenols, resins and quinones

Glucocorticoid Induced Insulin Resistance in Wistar Albino rats

[58]

34

Eucalyptus globulus

Dried eucalyptus leaves

Leaves

Eucalyptol (cineol), rutin, terpineol, sesquiterpene, alcohols, aliphatic aldehydes, isoamyl alcohol, ethanol, terpenes and tannins

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice

[59]

35

Ficus bengalensi

Bargad or Banyan tree

Fresh aerial roots

f leucocyanidin 3-O-beta-dgalactosyl cellobioside and a dimethoxy ether of leucopelargonidin-3-O-alpha-l-rhamnoside

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Female albino Wistar rat

[60]

34

Hibiscus rosasinensis

China-rose, Gurhal

Fresh flowers

Tannins, anthraquinones, quinines, phenols, flavanoides, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, protein, free amino acids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, mucilage, essential oils and steroids

Alloxan monohydrate induced diabetes in wistar rats

[61, 62]

35

Ipomoea batatas

Sweet potatoes

Leaves

Polyphenol, vitamins, Anthocyanins, saponin

Alloxan induced diabetic rats

[63, 64]

36

Jatropha curcas

Purging nut

Leaves

Alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoids

Alloxan-induced diabetic rats

[65]

37

Mangifera indica L.

Mango

Leaves

Rhamnetin, catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid derivatives, mangiferin and iriflophenone 3-C-β-D-glucoside, flavonoids and polyphenols

Swiss albino mice

[66]

39

Morus alba L.

Mulberry

Branch

Terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids (including chalcones and anthocyanins), phenolic acids, stilbenoids

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice

[67, 68]

40

Mucuna pruriens L.

Velvet beans or Cowitch

Seeds

Glutathione, gallic acid, and beta-sitosterol, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids., alkaloids(3-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3.4-tetrahydroquinoline and 3-methoxy-1, 1-dimethyl-7,8-dihydroxy-1,2,3.4-tetrahydroquinoline)

Alloxan-induced diabetic rats

[69, 70]

41

Punica granatum L.

Pomegranate

Fruits

Punicalagin anthocyanin, phenolic acids, non-phenolic acids, tannins, and glutenins (4)

Alloxan induced diabetic rats

[71]

42

Vincarosea

Madagascar periwinkle,

Whole plant

Alkaloids (vinacristine and vinblastine) and tannins

Alloxan induced diabetic rats

[72]

43

Actinidia deliciosa

Kiwi

Fruit

Triterpenoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds (flavonoids, polyphenols, anthraquinones, and coumarins

Alloxan induced diabetic rats

[73]

44

Annona squamosa L.

Custard apple

Leaves

Steroids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, tannins, phenolic substances, carbohydrates, volatile oil and mucilage

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats

[74]

45

Camellia sinensis

Green tea

Leaves

Alkaloid, flavonoids, tannin

Alloxan induced diabetic rats

[75]

46

Boerhavia erecta L.

Tar vine

Whole plant

Flavonoids, tannins and glycosides

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

[76]

47

Agaricus bisporus

Button mushroom

Fruit

Proteins, amino acids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, ergothionins and vitamins

Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

[77]

48

Semecarpus anacardium (L.)

Marking nut tree

Tem bark

Phenolic compounds as carbolic acid derivatives, bhilawanols, sterols, glycosides, bhilawanols, anacardic acid, anacardoside and flavonoids

Alloxan induced diabetic Long Evans rats

[78]

49

Spondias mombin

Hog plum

Leaves

Phenolics, sterols, triterpenes, saponins, essential oils, amino acids, and polysaccharides

Alloxan induced diabetic Wistar albino rats

[79, 80]

50

Ruellia tuberosa Linn

Fever root,

Whole plant

Triterpenoids and flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, 3, 5-diglucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucuronoide,)

Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rabbits

[81]

51

Sida rhombifolia

Bala, Mahabala

Aerial part

Flavonoids, Alkaloid, flavonoids, tannin, glycosides, Phenols

 

[82]