Table 2 Culinary herbs and spices in daily use

Oregano

Origanum vulgare

200

One teaspoon of dried oregano contains: energy (5 calories), fiber (0.8 g), calcium (29 mg), iron (0.66 mg), magnesium (5 g), manganese (0.09 mg), potassium (23 mg), vitamin E (0.33 mg), vitamin K (11.2 μg)

[35]

Sage

Salvia officinalis

300–600

One teaspoon of dried oregano contains: energy (2 calories), magnesium(3 mg), phosphorous (1 mg), potassium (7 mg), folate (2 μg), beta-carotene (24 μg), vitamin A (41 IU), vitamin K (12 μg)

[36]

Peppermint leaves

Mentha piperita

300–600

Two tablespoons of peppermint leaves contain: energy (2 calories), protein (0.12 g), carbohydrate (0.48 g), fat (0.03 g), fiber (0.30 g) and small amount of potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, iron, and vitamin A

[37]

Garden Thyme

Thymus vulgaris

1000–2000

Per 100 g of Garden thyme contains: proteins (5.6 g), energy (101 calories), carbohydrate (24 g), total fat (1.7 g), saturated fat (467 mg), monounsaturated fat (81 mg), polyunsaturated fat (532 mg), Omega-3 fatty acids (447 mg), Omega-6 fatty acids (85 mg), vitamin A (4751 IU), vitamin C (160 mg), thiamin (48 μg), riboflavin (471 μg), niacin (1.8 mg), vitamin B6 (348 μg), folate (45 μg), pantothenic acid (409 μg), calcium (405 mg), iron (17 mg), magnesium (160 mg), phosphorus (106 mg), potassium (609 mg), sodium (9 mg), zinc (1.8 mg), copper (555 μg), manganese (1.7 mg)

[38]

Sweet Marjoram

Origanum majorana

1000

Per 100 g of Sweet marjoram contains: energy (271 kcal), carbohydrates (60.56 g), protein (12.66 g), total fat (7.04 g), dietary fiber (40.3 g), folates (274 μg), niacin (0.902 mg), pantothenic acid (0.209 mg), pyridoxine (1.190 mg), riboflavin (0.316 mg), thiamin (0.289 mg), vitamin A (8068 IU), vitamin C (51.4 mg), vitamin E (1.69 mg), vitamin K (621.7 μg), sodium (77 mg), potassium (1522 mg), calcium (1990 mg), copper (1.133 mg), iron (82.71 mg), magnesium (346 mg), manganese (5.433 mg), zinc (3.60 mg), carotene-β (4806 μg), cryptoxanthin-β (70 μg), lutein-zeaxanthin (1895 μg)

[39]

Tansy leaves

Tanacetum vulgare

100

The tansy plant contains volatile oils that comprise of 70% of thujone and significant amounts of camphor. It also contains other chemical constituents such as sesquiterpene lactones, bitter glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, resin, tannin, oxalic acid, and citric acid. It is a good source of vitamin C and minerals like calcium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, iron, silicon, and sulphur

[40, 41]

Poppy seeds

Papaver somniferum

100–150

Per 100 g of poppy seed contains: energy (525 kcal), carbohydrates (28.13 g), sugars (2.99 g), dietary fiber (19.5 g), fat (41.56 g), protein (21.22 g), thiamine (0.854 mg), riboflavin (0.100 mg), niacin (0.896 mg), vitamin B₆ (0.247 mg), folate (82 μg), choline (52.1 mg), vitamin C (1 mg), vitamin E (1.77 mg), calcium (1438 mg), iron (9.76 mg), magnesium (347 mg), manganese (2.285 mg), phosphorus (870 mg), potassium (719 mg), sodium (26 mg), zinc (7.0 mg)

[42, 43]

Cardamom

Elettaria cardamomum

250

Per 100 g of cardamom contains: energy (311 kcal), carbohydrates (68.47 g), protein (10.76 g), total fat (6.7 g), dietary fiber (28 g), niacin (1.102 mg), pyridoxine (0.230 mg), riboflavin (0.182 mg), thiamin (0.198 mg), vitamin C (21 mg), sodium (18 mg), potassium (1119 mg), calcium (383 mg), copper (0.383 mg), iron (13.97 mg), magnesium (229 mg), manganese (28 mg), phosphorus (178 mg), zinc (7.47 mg)

[44]

Coriander

Coriandrum sativum

600–1200

Per 100 g of coriander contains: choline (12.8 mg), folate (62.00 μg), niacin (1.114 mg), pantothenic acid (0.570 mg), riboflavin (0.162 mg), thiamin (0.067 mg), vitamin A (6748.00 IU), α-carotene (36.00 μg), β-carotene (3930 μg), cryptoxanthin-β (202.00 μg), lutein + zeaxanthin (865.00 μg), vitamin B₆ (0.149 mg), vitamin C (27.0 mg), vitamin E (2.50 mg), tocopherol-α (2.50 mg), vitamin (310.0 μg), calcium (67.00 mg), copper (0.225 mg), iron (1.77 mg), magnesium (26.00 mg), manganese (0.426 mg), phosphorus (48.00 mg), potassium (521.00 mg), selenium (0.9 μg), sodium (46.00 mg), zinc (0.50 mg)

[45]

Garlic

Allium sativum

300–900

Per 100 g of garlic contains: choline (23.2 mg), folate (3.0 μg), niacin (0.70 mg), pantothenic acid (0.596 mg), riboflavin (0.110 mg), thiamin (0.20 mg), vitamin A (9.0 IU), β-Carotene (5.0 μg), lutein + zeaxanthin (16.00 μg), vitamin B₆ (1.235 mg), vitamin C (31.2 mg), vitamin E (0.08 mg), α-tocopherol (0.08 mg), vitamin K (1.7 μg), calcium (181.00 mg), copper (0.299 mg), iron (1.70 mg), magnesium (25.00 mg), manganese (1.672 mg), phosphorus (153.00 mg), potassium (401.00 mg), selenium (14.2 μg), sodium (17.00 mg), zinc (1.16 mg), protein (6.36 g), alanine (0.132 g), arginine (0.634 g), aspartic acid (0.489 g), cystine (0.065 g), glutamic acid (0.805 g), glycine (0.200 g), histidine (0.113 g), isoleucine (0.217 g), leucine (0.308 g), lysine (0.273 g), methionine (0.076 g), phenylalanine (0.183 g), proline (0.100 g), serine (0.190 g), threonine (0.157 g),tryptophan (0.066 g), tyrosine (0.081 g), valine (0.291 g)

[46]

Vanilla seed

Vanilla planifolia

600–1000

Per 100 g of vanilla contains: niacin (0.425 mg), pantothenic acid (0.035 mg), riboflavin (0.095 mg), thiamin (0.011 mg), vitamin B₆ (0.026 mg), calcium (11.00 mg), copper (0.072 mg), iron (0.12 mg), magnesium (12.00 mg), manganese (0.230 mg), phosphorus (6.00 mg), potassium (148.00 mg), sodium (9.00 mg), zinc (0.11 mg)

[47, 48]

Parsley

Petroselinum crispum

6000

Per 100 g of parsley contains: betaine (1.7 mg), choline (97.1 mg), folate (180.00 μg), niacin (9.943 mg), pantothenic acid (1.062 mg), riboflavin (2.383 mg), thiamin (0.196 mg), vitamin A (97.00 μg), α-carotene (17.00 μg), β-carotene (1152.00 μg), cryptoxanthin-β (4.00 μg), lutein + zeaxanthin (2428.00 μg), vitamin B₆ (0.900 mg), vitamin C (125.0 mg), vitamin E (8.96 mg), α-Tocopherol (8.96 mg), β-Tocopherol (0.02 mg), γ-Tocopherol (1.53 mg), vitamin K (1359.5 μg), calcium (1140.00 mg), copper (0.780 mg), iron (22.04 mg), magnesium (400.00 mg), manganese (9.810 mg), phosphorus (436.00 mg), potassium (2683.00 mg), selenium (14.1 μg), sodium (452.00 mg), zinc (5.44 mg), protein (26.63 g), alanine (1.778 g), arginine (1.756 g), aspartic acid (3.169 g), cysteine (0.298 g), glutamic acid (3.688 g), glycine (1.756 g), histidine (0.718 g), isoleucine (1.546 g), leucine (2.794 g), lysine (2.098 g), methionine (0.596 g), phenylalanine (1.712 g), proline (2.010 g), serine (1.159 g), threonine (1.193 g), tryptophan (0.475 g), tyrosine (1.159 g), valine (2.021 g)

[49, 50]

Caraway seed

Carum carvi

100–150

Per 100 g of caraway seeds contains: Choline (24.7 mg), folate (10.00 μg), niacin (3.606 mg), riboflavin (0.379 mg), thiamin (0.383 mg), vitamin A (18.00 μg), α-carotene (8.00 μg), β-carotene (206.00 μg), Cryptoxanthin-β (16.00 μg), lutein + zeaxanthin (454.00 μg), lycopene (20.00 μg), vitamin B₆ (0.360 mg), vitamin C (21.0 mg), vitamin E (2.50 mg), α-tocopherol (2.50 mg), calcium (689.00 mg), copper (0.910 mg), iron (16.23 mg), magnesium (258.00 mg), manganese (1.300 mg), phosphorus (568.00 mg), potassium (1351.00 mg), selenium (12.1 μg), sodium (17.00 mg), zinc (5.50 mg), protein (19.77 g), alanine (0.914 g), arginine (1.252 g), aspartic acid (2.084 g), cysteine (0.329 g), glutamic acid (3.169 g), glycine (1.322 g), histidine (0.550 g), isoleucine (0.826 g), leucine (1.218 g), lysine (1.031 g), methionine (0.361 g), phenylalanine (0.867 g), proline (0.917 g), serine (0.946 g), threonine (0.756 g), tryptophan (0.244 g), tyrosine (0.642 g), valine (1.037 g)

[51]

PiriPiri

Capsicum frutescens

1000–1200

Per 100 g of piripiri contains: energy (76.3 calories), total fat (6.6 g), sodium (48.3 mg), potassium (119.8 mg)

[52]

Cumin

Cuminum cyminum

300–600

Per 100 g of cumin contains: choline (24.7 mg), folate (10.00 μg), niacin (4.579 mg), riboflavin (0.327 mg), thiamin (0.628 mg), vitamin A (64.00 μg), β-carotene (762.00 μg), lutein + zeaxanthin (448.00 μg), vitamin B₆ (0.435 mg), vitamin C (7.7 mg), vitamin E (3.33 mg), α-tocopherol (3.33 mg), vitamin K (5.4 μg), calcium (931.00 mg), copper (0.867 mg), iron (66.36 mg), magnesium (366.00 mg), manganese (3.333 mg), phosphorus (499.00 mg), potassium (1788.00 mg), selenium (5.2 μg), sodium (168.00 mg), zinc (4.80 mg), protein (17.81 g)

[53]

Chives

Allium schoenoprasum

1500–2500

Per 100 g of cumin contains: choline (5.2 mg), folate (105.00 μg), niacin (0.647 mg), pantothenic acid (0.324 mg), riboflavin (0.115 mg), thiamin (0.078 mg), vitamin A (218.00 μg), β-carotene (2612.00 μg), lutein + zeaxanthin (323.00 μg), vitamin C (58.1 mg) vitamin E (0.21 mg), α-tocopherol (0.21 mg), vitamin K (212.7 μg), calcium (92.00 mg), copper (0.157 mg), iron (1.60 mg), magnesium (42.00 mg), manganese (0.373 mg), phosphorus (58.00 mg), potassium (296.00 mg), selenium (0.9 μg), sodium (3.00 mg), zinc (0.56 mg), protein (3.27 g), alanine (0.148 g), arginine (0.237 g), aspartic acid (0.303 g), glutamic acid (0.677 g), glycine (0.162 g), histidine (0.057 g), isoleucine (0.139 g), leucine (0.195vg), lysine (0.163 g), methionine (0.036vg), phenylalanine (0.105 g), proline (0.216vg), serine (0.148 g), threonine (0.128 g), tryptophan (0.037 g), tyrosine (0.095 g), valine (0.145 g)

[54, 55]

Mustard

Brassica nigra

1500–2000

One table spoon full of mustard contains: total fat (3.2 g), total omega-3 fatty acids (295 mg), total omega-6 fatty acids (285 mg), vitamin A (6.8 IU), vitamin C (0.3 mg), vitamin E (0.3vmg), vitamin K (0.6 μg), thiamin (0.1 mg), niacin (0.9 mg), folate (8.4vμg), choline (13.5vmg), betaine (0.2vmg), calcium (57.3 mg), iron (1.1 mg), magnesium (32.8 mg), phosphorus (92.5 mg), potassium (75.0 mg), sodium (0.6 mg), zinc (0.6 mg), manganese (0.2 mg), selenium (14.7 μg)

[56]

Tumeric

Curcuma longa

500–000

Per 100 g of curcuma contains: betaine (9.7 mg), choline (49.2 mg), folate (20.00 μg), niacin (1.350 mg), pantothenic acid (0.542 mg), riboflavin (0.150 mg), thiamin (0.058 mg), vitamin B6 (0.107 mg), vitamin C (0.7 mg), vitamin E (4.43 mg), α-tocopherol (4.43 mg), β-tocopherol (0.01 mg), γ-tocopherol (0.72 mg), α-tocotrienol (0.12 mg), γ-tocotrienol (0.05 mg), vitamin K(13.4 μg), calcium (168.00 mg), copper (1.300 mg), iron (55.00 mg), magnesium (208.00 mg), manganese (19.800 mg), phosphorus (299.00 mg), potassium (2080.00 mg), selenium (6.2 μg), sodium (27.00 mg), zinc (4.50 mg), protein (9.68 g), alanine (0.330 g), arginine (0.540 g), aspartic acid (1.860 g), cysteine (0.150 g), glutamic acid (1.140 g), glycine (0.470 g), histidine (0.150 g), isoleucine (0.470 g), leucine (0.810 g), lysine (0.380 g), methionine (0.140 g), phenylalanine (0.530 g), proline (0.480 g), serine (0.280 g), threonine (0.330 g), tryptophan (0.170 g), tyrosine (0.320 g), valine (0.660 g)

[57]

Nutmeg

Myristica fragrans

100–200

Per 100 g of nutmeg contains: choline (8.8 mg), folate (76.00 μg), niacin (1.299 mg), riboflavin (0.057 mg), thiamin (0.346 mg), vitamin A (5.00 μg), β-carotene (28.00 μg), cryptoxanthin-β (66.00 μg), vitamin B₆ (0.160 mg), vitamin C (3.0 mg), γ-tocopherol (0.53 mg), calcium (184.00 mg), copper (1.027 mg), iron (3.04 mg), magnesium (183.00 mg), manganese (2.900 mg), phosphorus (213.00 mg), potassium (350.00 mg), selenium (1.6 μg), sodium (16.00 mg), zinc (2.15 mg), protein (5.84 g)

[58, 59]

Dill

Anethum graveolens

100–250

Per 100 g of dill contains: folate (10.00 μg), niacin (2.807 mg), riboflavin (0.284 mg), thiamin (0.418 mg), vitamin A (3.00 μg), vitamin B₆ (0.250 mg), vitamin C (21.0 mg), calcium (1516.00 mg), copper (0.780 mg), iron (16.33 mg), magnesium (256.00 mg), manganese (1.833 mg), phosphorus (277.00 mg), potassium (1186.00 mg), selenium (12.1 μg), sodium (20.00 mg), zinc (5.20 mg), protein (15.98 g), arginine (1.263 g), histidine (0.320 g), isoleucine (0.767 g), leucine (0.925 g), lysine (1.038 g), methionine (0.143 g), phenylalanine (0.670 g), threonine (0.575 g), valine (1.120 g)

[60]

Ginger

Zingiber officinale

500–1500

Per 100 g of ginger contains: betaine (3.4 mg), choline (41.2 mg), folate (13.00 μg), niacin (9.620 mg), pantothenic acid (0.477 mg), riboflavin (0.170 mg), thiamin (0.046 mg), vitamin A (2.00 μg), β-carotene (18.00 μg), vitamin B₆ (0.626 mg), vitamin C (0.7 mg), γ-tocopherol (3.01 mg), vitamin K (0.8 μg), calcium (114.00 mg), copper (0.480 mg), iron (19.80 mg), magnesium (214.00 mg), manganese (33.300 mg), phosphorus (168.00 mg), potassium (1320.00 mg), selenium (55.8 μg), sodium (27.00 mg), zinc (3.64 mg), protein (8.98 g), alanine (0.272 g), arginine (0.708 g), aspartic acid (1.387 g), cysteine (0.099 g), glutamic acid (0.790 g), glycine (0.497 g), histidine (0.199 g), isoleucine (0.341 g), leucine (0.513 g), lysine (0.241 g), methionine (0.089 g), phenylalanine (0.311 g), proline (0.334 g), serine (0.250 g), threonine (0.289 g), tryptophan (0.152 g), tyrosine (0.243 g), valine (0.411 g)

[61]

Bayberry leaves

Myrica pensylvanica

450–1350

Per 13 g of bayberry contains: energy (6 calories), protein (0.07 g), fat (0.03 g), carbohydrate (1.47 g), vitamin A (0.26 μg), vitamin E (0.04 mg), vitamin B₁ (0.01 mg), niacin (0.04 mg), vitamin B₆ (0.01 mg), folate (3.38 μg), pantothenic acid (0.03 μg), vitamin (0.52 mg), sodium (0.52 mg), potassium (15.6 mg), calcium (0.52 mg), phosphorous (0.65 mg), iron (0.05 mg), zinc (0.01 mg), manganese (0.03 mg)

[62]

Common basil

Ocimum basilicum

300–600

Per 42 g of common basil contains: protein (1.3 g), energy (9.8 calories), carbohydrates (1.1 g), dietary fiber (678 mg), sugar (127 mg), fats (271 mg), omega-3 fatty acids (134 mg), omega-6 fatty acids (31 mg), vitamin A (2237 IU), vitamin C (7.6 mg), vitamin E (339 μg), vitamin K (176 μg), thiamin (14 μg), riboflavin (32 μg), niacin (382 μg), vitamin B₆ (66 μg), folate (29 μg), pantothenic acid (89 μg), choline (4.8 mg), betaine (0.17 mg), calcium (75 mg), iron (1.3 mg), magnesium (27 mg), phosphorus (24 mg), potassium (125 mg), sodium (1.7 mg), zinc (343 μg), copper (163 μg), manganese (487 μg), selenium (0.13 μg)

[63, 64]