A pharmacognostic approach for mitigating pancreatic cancer: emphasis on herbal extracts and phytoconstituents

Gupta, Shruti; Kumar, Atul; Tejavath, Kiran Kumar

doi:10.1186/s43094-021-00246-y

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Table 1 Plant products in the treatment of pancreatic cancer: Table shows a variety of plant products taken to prepare different types of extracts and used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. It also lists out their IC₅₀ values in the anticancer activity against pancreatic cancer. Simultaneously, the table shows details of the model on which the study was carried on

From: A pharmacognostic approach for mitigating pancreatic cancer: emphasis on herbal extracts and phytoconstituents

S. no	Scientific name	Family	Plant common name	Plant part	Extract	Type of study	Model	Mechanism	IC₅₀ value	Reference
1.	Clinacanthus nutans	Acanthaceae	Sabah snake grass	Stem	Non-polar solvent (Hexane and diethyl ether)	In vitro	BxPC3, SW1990 and AsPC1	Downregulation of anti-apoptotic markers	31.21–39.12 μg/ml	[31]
2.	Pistacia atlantica	Anacardiaceae	Daraban or Qazwan tree	Mastic gum resin	0.2% tween 80 in distilled water	In vitro	PANC-1	-	11.52 ± 0.18 μg/ml at 72 h	[32]
3.	Rhus verniciflua	Anacardiaceae	Lacquer tree	Stalk	Aqueous	In vitro	HPAC, PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cell lines	Downregulation of mucin4 (MUC4) and p-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and SRC signaling via inhibition of JAK/STAT1 signaling	-	[33]
4.	Geissospermum vellosii	Apocynaceae	Pao pereira	Bark	Aqueous alcoholic	In vitro and in vivo	PANC-1, AsPC-1, HPAF-II and Mia-PaCa-2; Immuno-compromised mice	Reduction of nanog and β-catenin gene level and thus hindering stem cell initiation and maintenance.	125–325μg/ml	[34]
5.	Nerium oleander	Apocynaceae	-	Leaves	Carbon dioxide	Phase-II, single arm, open-label	PC patients	Downregulation of PI3k/Akt phosphorylation	-	[35]
6.	Rauwolfia vomitoria		-	Root	Aqueous	In vitro and in vivo	PANC-1, Mia-PaCa-2, AsPC-1, HPAF-II and BxPC-3; Nude mice	Activation of apoptosis	83–283μg/ml	[36]
7.	Rauwolfia vomitoria		Rau	Root	Aqueous	In vitro and in vivo	PANC-1, Mia-PaCa-2, AsPC-1, HPAF-II, BxPC-3, MRC-5; 3D spheroids; Nude mice	Suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway	125–325μg/ml	[37]
8.	Phoenix dactylifera	Aracaceae	Date palm	Fruits	Ethyl acetate	In vitro	Pancreatic stellate cells	Reduction of fibrosis, reduced activity and changed phenotype of the stellate cells	-	[38]
9.	Achillea millefolium	Asteraceae	Yarrow	Leaves	Supercritical fluid extract	In vitro	Mia-PaCa-2 and PANC-1; 3-D spheroids using MIA PaCa-2	Induction of apoptosis	31.4 ± 8.5μg/ml and >100 μg/ml	[39]
10.	Achillea millefolium	Asteraceae	Yarrow	-	Supercritical extract	In vitro and in vivo	Mia-PaCa-2 and PANC-1; Athymic nude mice	Targeting lipid metabolism and down regulation of SREBF1	31.45 ± 8.56 μg/ml and -	[40]
11.	Calendula officinalis		Marigold	Leaves	Supercritical fluid extract	In vitro	Mia-PaCa-2 and PANC-1; 3-D spheroids using Mia-PaCa-2	Induction of apoptosis	39.8 ± 4.6μg/ml and 43.2 ± 7.9μg/ml	[39]
12.	Calendula officinalis		Marigold	-	Supercritical carbon dioxide	In vitro	Mia-PaCa-2 and PANC-1	Induction of expression of BMP8B gene leading to autophagy induced cell death	39.8 ± 4.6μg/ml and 43.2 ± 7.9μg/ml	[41]
13.	Inula helenium		-	Rhizome and root	Ethyl acetate	In vitro	CFPAC-1	Lower concentration caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and higher concentration induced apoptosis via downregulation of phosphorylation of STAT3 and AKT	4.3μg/ml	[42]
14.	Gloriosa superba	Colchicaceae	Glory lily	Seeds	Ethanolic	In vivo	C57BL/6 female mice	-	-	[43]
15.	Momordica charantia	Cucurbitaceae	Bitter melon	Fruit	Aqueous	In vitro and in vivo	PANC-1 and BxPC3; Female athymic nude mice	Induction of modification in metabolomics and establishing lactate efflux and glucose metabolism	-	[44]
16.	Elaeocarpus reticulatus	Elaeocarpaceae	Blueberry ash	Fruits	50% acetone	In vitro	HPDE and BxPC-3	Induction of apoptosis	67.98 μg/ml and 22.14 μg/ml	[25]
17.	Radix Scutellariae (Scutellaria baicalensis)	Lamiaceae	-	Root	Ethyl acetate	In vitro and in vivo	BxPC3, PANC1 and HPDE6-C7; Immuno compromised BALB/c mice	Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway	6.5μg/ml, 8.9μg/ml and > 50μg/ml	[45]
18.	Punica granatum	Lythraceae	Pomegranate	Fruit	-	In vitro and in vivo	Suit-2; Chick chorioallantoic membrane	Attenuated angiogenesis	-	[46]
19.	Gossypium hirsutum	Malvaceae	Cotton	Seeds	Ethanol	In vitro	Mia-PaCa-2	-	-	[47]
20.	Pterospermum acerifolium	Malvaceae	Kanak champa	Bark	Ethanol	In vitro	PANC-1	Mitochondria mediated ROS generation leading to apoptosis and also caused cell cycle arrest at sub-G1phase	74.22μg/ml	[48]
21.	Moringa oleifera	Moringaceae	Moringa	Leaves	Aqueous	In vitro and in vivo	PANC-1; CD-1 nude mice	Induction of apoptosis and necrosis	-	[49]
22.	Syzygium aromaticum	Myrtaceae	Cloves	Fruit	Aqueous	In vitro	ASPC-1	AMPK/ULK pathway mediated autophagy	115.1 ± 8.3μg/ml	[50]
23.	Oxalis obtriangulata	Oxalidaceae	-	Whole plant	Methanol	In vitro	BxPC-3	Cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and induction of apoptosis, also inhibition of ERK/Src/STAT3 signaling pathway	-	[51]
24.	Paeonia suffruticosa	Paeoniaceae	-	Root bark	Aqueous	In vitro and in vivo	PANC1, AsPC3 and BxPC3; xenografts mouse	Induces mitophagy/autophagy-driven apoptosis that reduces cell growth by endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial damage	-	[52]
25.	Avena sativa	Poaceae	Oat	Bran	Ethanol	In vitro	Mia-PaCa-2, PANC-1 and HPNE	Reduction in G1/S cell cycle phase via AMPK activation and JNK downregulation.	-	[26]
26.	Coix lacryma-jobi	Poaceae	Yiyi ren	Seeds	Oil	In vitro and in vivo	BxPC3^luc and PANC1; BALB/c nude male mice	Regulates ABCB1 and ABCG2 mediated drug efflux and sensitizes cancer cells to gemcitabine treatment	-	[53]
27.	Phyllanthus amarus	Phyllanthaceae	-	Whole plant	Methanol	In vitro	BxPc3 and CFPAC1	-	- and 128.81μg/ml	[29]
28.	Citrus unshiu	Rutaceae	-	Peel	Fermented extract	In vitro and in vivo	PANC-1, SNU-213, and HUVECs; BALB/c nude mice	Induction of apoptosis and activation of p38 signaling pathway	-	[54]
29.	Paramignya trimera	Rutaceae	-	Root	Methanol	In vitro	BxPc3 and CFPAC1	-	32.12μg/ml and 36.65μg/ml	[29]
30.	Girardinia diversifolia	Urticaceae	Himalayan nettle	Shoot	Methanol	In vitro	BxPC3	-	12.5 μg/ml	[55]

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