Table 1 List of herbs and their phytochemical constituents active against influenza
From: Substantial effect of phytochemical constituents against the pandemic disease influenza—a review
S. no | Herbal plant | Family | Parts of plant | Phytochemical constituents or compounds showing anti-influenza activity | Activity | Influenza virus type | Strain | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Albizia julibrissin | Leguminosae | Dry stem bark | Saponin: AJS75 | i. Potent adjuvant ii. Induce cellular and humoral response iii. Stimulate cytokines and chemokines | Avian influenza | Recombinant fowl pox virus vector–based avian influenza vaccine (rFPV) | [68] |
2 | Aloe vera | Asphodelaceae | Roots | Anthraquinones:3-(2´,3´,4´,6´-Tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-aloesaponarin-I (5) and 3-(2´,3´,4´,6´-Tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl- aloesaponarin-II (7) | Inhibit virus replication | Influenza A H1N1 | A/Yucatán/2370/09, A/Mexico/InDRE797/10 (H1N1) | [69] |
3 | Alpinia officinarum | Zingiberaceae | Rhizomes | Diarylheptanoids: 7-4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-4E-hepen-3-one (3) and (5S)-5-hydroxy-7-(4″-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (8) | Potent anti-influenza activity | Influenza A H1N1 | A/PR/8/34( H1N1) | [70] |
Diarylheptanoids: 7-4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-4E-hepen-3-one (AO-0002) and (5S)-5-hydroxy-7-(4″-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (AO-0011) | AO-0002: i. Suppress the expression of viral antigen and mRNA synthesis ii.Reduce the bodyweight loss and iii. Enhance the survival period of infected mice, iv.Reduces the virus titer in lungs BALF | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2 and B | A/PR/8/34, oseltamivir-resistant A/PR/8/34, A/Bangkok/93/03 ( H1N1), A/Ishikawa/7/82, A/Fukushima/13/43 ( H3N2) and B/Singapore/222/79, B/Fukushima/15/93 (B) | [71] | ||||
4 | Andrographis paniculata | Acanthaceae | Not mentioned | Diterpenoid: 14-a-lipoyl andrographolide (AL-1),14-deoxy-11,12-dehydroandrographolide (DAP) | AL-1: i. HA inhibition ii. Prevents virus adsorption iii. Increase survivality of infected mice | Influenza A H9N2, H5N1, H1N1 | A/Chicken/Guangdong/96 (H9N2), A/Duck/Guangdong/99 (H5N1), and A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)) | [72] |
DAP: i. Inhibits viral progeny ii. Inhibit viral nucleoprotein (NP) mRNA, NP, and NS1proteins iii. Inhibit nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes iv. Reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines | Influenza A H5N1 H1N1,H3N2 | A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004, A/duck/Hubei/XN/2007 (H5N1), A/PR/8/34, A/NanChang/08/2010 (H1N1), and A/HuNan/01/2014 (H3N2) | [73] | |||||
5 | Arctium lappa | Compositae | Fruits | Liganan: Arctiin and arctigenin | Arctiin: i. Enhance virus specific antibody production ii. Reduce virus yield along with oselatamivir Arctigenin: i. Interact with the early stage of viral replication but not inhibit its cellular penetration, ii. Inhibits viral progeny and release | Influenza A H1N1 | A/NWS/33( H1N1) | [74] |
6 | Aronia melanocarpa | Rosaceae | Fruits | Phenolic acid: Ellagic acid Flavone: Myricetin | Araonia extract: HA inhibitors; Ellagic acid: Increase the survival rate by 37.5% of rPR8-GFP virus–infected mice; Myricetin: Provide 50% survival rate of rPR8-GFP virus–infected mice | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, recombinant H1N1, and influenza B | A/Korea/01/2009, A/Korea/2785/2009(H1N1), A/Perth/16/2009(H3N2), B/Brisbane/60/2008(B) and A/Puerto Rico/8/34(recombinant H1/PR8 expressing green fluorescent protein (rPR8-GFP) | [75] |
7 | Astragalus sp | Fabaceae | Not mentioned | Polysaccharide: Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) | APS: i. Stimulation of CEF Proliferation ii. Pre-addition (321.25μg/mL), post-addition, and simultaneous addition shows virus reduction iii. Upregulated IL-4, IL-10, LITAF, and IL-12 cytokine expression iv. CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell surface markers were increased | Influenza A H9N2 | Not mentioned | [76] |
8 | Azadirachta indica | Meliaceae | Leaf | Flavonols: Hyperoside | Show best interactions with conserved residues of nucleoprotein | Influenza A H1N1 ( PDB ID:3RO5) | A/Wilson-Smith/1933 | [77] |
9 | Bupleurum chinense | Apiaceae | Aerial part and root | Polysaccharide: Bupleurum chinense polysaccharide (BCPS) | BCPS: Immunostimulating agent enhance antibody | Influenza virus | Not mentioned | [78] |
10 | Caesalpinia sappan | Leguminosae | Dried heartwood | Chalcone: 3-deoxysappanchalcone, and sappanchalcone Homoisoflavonoids: Sappanone A, Brazilin | Chalcone: Show high inhibition against H3N2 | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2 and B | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/Guangdong/243/72 (H3N2), and B/Jiangsu/10/2003 | [79] |
Homoisoflavonoids: Contain α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group in A-ring critical role in NA inhibition | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2,H9N2 | A/PR/8/34(H1N1), A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2), and A/Chicken/Korea/MS96/96 (H9N2) | [80] | |||||
11 | Camellia sinensis | Theaceae | Leaves | Amino acid: Theanine Flavon-3-ol: (-) epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), EGCG-C-16, (−) Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and theaflavin digallate (TF3), Theaflavin, Tannin: Strictinin | Theanine and Catechin: Effective prophylaxis | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | [81] |
EGC: Acidification of ELS inhibition | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2 and B | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1),A/Aichi/2/68(H3N2), B/Singapore/222 Sing (B) | [82] | |||||
EGCG,ECG: HI, NI activity and suppression of viral RNA synthesis | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2 and B | Influenza A/Chile/1/83( HIN1), A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2) and B/Yamagata/16/88 (B) | [83] | |||||
EGCG-C-16: Potent infection inhibitor | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2,H5N2, and B | A/Puerto Rico/8/34, A/Beijing/262/95, Yokohama/77/2008,Yokohama/63/2007,A/Yokohama/91/2008(H1N1), A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), A/Duck/HongKong/342/78 (H5N2) and B/Yamanashi/166/98 (B) | [84] | |||||
EGCg, TF3: Virus agglutination, prevent adsorption, HA inhibition | Influenza A H1N1 and B | A/Yamagata/120/86( H1N1), B/USSR/100/83 (B) | [85] | |||||
Theaflavin: Potent natural inhibitor | Influenza A H1N1 NA | Predicted structure for in silico study | [86] | |||||
Strictinin: i.Acts directly with the viral particles ii. Inhibit the early stage of viral entry and virus-induced hemifusion | Influenza A H1N1,H3N2,H5N3, and B | A/PuertoRico/8/34 , A/WSN/33 (H1N1), A/Memphis/1/71, A/Aichi/2/68, A/swine/Hokkaido/10/85 (H3N2), A/duck/HK/313/4/78 (H5N3), and B/Lee/40 (B) | [87] | |||||
12 | Chaenomeles speciosa | Rosaceae | Dried fruit | Benzoic acid derivative: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, flavonol: quercetin, ester: methyl 3-hydroxybutanedioic ester | i. Inhibits TNF-α production ii. 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and quercetin: Dose dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity iii. methyl 3-hydroxybutanedioic ester: IL-6 production inhibition iv. 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and methyl 3-hydroxybutanedioic ester : NA inhibition | Influenza A H1N1 | H1N1 (A/PR/8/34) | [88] |
13 | Cinnamomum cassia | Lauraceae | Cortex | Aldehyde: Trans cinnamaldehyde (CA) Coumarin: 7-hydroxycoumarin (7HC) Cinnamyl derivatives: 4-allylanisole, cinnamic acid ethylester, acetic acid cinnamylester, 2X-hydroxyacetophenone, and 2-hydroxycinnamic acid | Aldehyde: i. Dose-dependent inhibition of virus ii. Affects protein synthesis at post-transcriptional level iii. Increase survival rate with reduced viral titer in virus-infected mice | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and B | H1N1 (A/PR/8/34, A/USSR/92/77), H3N2 (A/Aichi/2/68), and B (B /Lee/40) | [89] |
Cinnamyl derivatives: Anti-pyretic, suppress the rise of interleukin-1α production | Influenza A H1N1 | A/PR/8/34( H1N1) | [90] | |||||
7HC: Anti-pyretic, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine,interleukin-1α and Th1 cytokine (IL-12 and interferon-gamma), Reduce virus load in BALF | Influenza A H1N1 | A/PR/8/34( H1N1) | [91] | |||||
14 | Curcuma longa | Zingiberaceae | Rhizome | Sesquiterpenoids: germacrone Diarylheptanoids: curcumin, curcuminoids | Germacrone: Reduction of viral protein expression, RNA synthesis, and the progeny viruses | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2 and B | A/PuertoRico/8/34, A/human/Hubei/1/2009, A/human/WSN/33 (H1N1), A/human/Hubei/3/2005 (H3N2), and B/human/Hubei/1/2007 (B) | [92] |
Curcumin: HA inhibitors | Influenza A H1N1, H6N1 | A/Puerto Rico/8/34( H1N1), A/chicken/Taiwan/NCHU0507/99( H6N1) | [93] | |||||
Curcuminoids: NA inhibitors | Influenza A H1N1,H9N2 | A/California/08/2009, A/Sw/Kor/CAH1/04, H274Y mutant (H1N1) A/Chicken/Korea/O1310/2001 (H9N2) | [94] | |||||
15 | Dendrobium nobile | Orchidaceae | Stem | Alkaloid: dendrobine | Inhibit early stage of viral replication, binding with the viral NP suppress its export, deactivation vRNP complex | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2 | A/FM-1/1/47, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H274Y ( H1N1) and A/Aichi/2/68 ( H3N2) | [95] |
16 | Elsholtzia rugulosa | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | Flavonoids: Apigenin and Luteolin | Exhibited the highest NA inhibition against H3N2. | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and B | H1N1 (A/PR/8/34), H3N2 (A/Jinan/15/90), and B (B/Jiangsu/10/2003) | [96] |
17 | Ephedra sinica | Ephedraceae | Whole plant | Flavan-3-ol: (+)-catechin | Acidification of ELS, Dose-dependent inhibition of virus growth | Influenza A H1N1 | APR/8/34(H1N1) | [97] |
18 | Ginkgo biloba | Ginkgoaceae | Leaf | Biflavonoid: Ginkgetin, and its conjugates (6R, 6S, 7R, 7S, 8R, 8S, 9R, 9S) | 8R and 8S: Low cytotoxic effect, high sialidase activity with increased survival rate | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2 and B | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/Guizhou/54/89 (H3N2), B/Ibaraki/2/85 (B) | [98] |
19 | Glycyrrhiza inflata | Fabaceae | Root | Chalcone: Echinantin and isoliquiritigenin | Echinantin and Isoliquiritigenin without prenyl group: Strong NA inhibitor Echinantin: Synergistic effects against NA of H274Y virus | Influenza A H1N1, H9N2, H1N1 (WT), and H1N1 (H274Y)) | Not mentioned | [99] |
20 | Glycyrrhiza uralensis | Fabaceae | Root | Chalcone: Isoliquiritigenin | Strong NA inhibitor | Influenza A H1N1 | rvH1N1 (A/Bervig_Mission/1/18) | [100] |
21 | Hamamelis virginiana | Hamamelidaceae | Bark | Phenolic acid: Gallic acid, hamamelitannin Tannin: Tannic acid, and pentagalloylglucose Catechin: epigallocatechin gallate | Gallic acid, Epigallocatechin gallate, Hamamelitannin :NA inhibition Tannic acid: Inhibition of viral binding and neuraminidase | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N9 | A/Puerto Rico/8/34, A/Luxembourg/46/2009 (H1N1), A/Luxembourg/01/2005 ( H3N2), A/Anhui/01/2013 ( H7N9) | [101] |
22 | Houttuynia cordata | Saururaceae | Aerial parts, Whole plant | Aldehyde: Lauryl aldehyde, and Capryl aldehyde Ketone: Methyl n-nonyl ketone | Exerts virucidal activity by interfere with viral envelope | Influenza A H1N1 | NWS | [102] |
Polysaccharide: Houttuynia cordata polysaccharide [HCP] | HCP: i. Inhibits pulmonary inflammatory cytokine and expression of TLR4-NF-κB ii. Lessens the severity of organ injury | Influenza A H1N1 | A/FM/1/47( H1N1) | [103] | ||||
Flavone: Quercetin 3-rhamnoside (Q3R) | Reduction in viral mRNA synthesis, Inhibit initial stage of replication | Influenza A H1N1 | A/WS/33 (H1N1) | [104] | ||||
23 | Isatis indigotica | Brassicaceae | Root | Polysaccharide: Isatis indigotica root polysaccharide (IRPS), Alkaloid: Indirubin, Lignan: Clemastanin | IRPS: i. Inhibit RNA and Protein synthesis ii. Induce cytokine production iii. Reduce pulmonary inflammation | Influenza A H3N2 | A/swine/Henan/2010 (H3N2) | [105] |
Indirubin: Inhibition of RANTES in virus-infected H292 cells. Interrupts virus-induced NF-κB translocation, p38 MAP kinase activation. | Influenza A H1N1 | A/NWS/33 (H1N1) | [106] | |||||
Clemastanin: i. Early stage of replication ii. Interfere with RNP export iii. Not create drug resistance | Influenza A H1N1 | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) | [107] | |||||
24 | Lycoris radiate | Amaryllidaceae | Bulb | Alkaloid: Lycorine and Hemanthamine | Block vRNP nuclear export, Resist pro-apoptotic stimuli and cytoskeleton disruption | Influenza A H5N1, H3N2, H1N1, H9N2 | A /Chicken/GuangDong /178 /2004, A/CK/GD/178/04, A/DK/GD/212/04 (H5N1), A/Swine/GD/166/06 (H3N2), A/CK/HN/170/03, A/PuertoRico/8/34 (H1N1), A/CK/GD/400/07, A/CK/GD/228/04 (H9N2) | |
25 | Narcissus tazetta | Amaryllidaceae | Bulbs | Proteins: Narcissus tazetta lectin [NTL], NTP | NTL: i.Inhibit early phase of replication ii. Interacting with surface glycoproteins iii. Avoid the virus adherence and fusion | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2,H5N1 and B | A/HongKong/CUHK-13003/2002 (H1N1), A/HongKong/CUHK 22910/2004 (H3N2), A/HongKong/483/1997 (H5N1), and B/HongKong/CUHK-24964/2004 (B) | |
NTP: NA inhibitor | Influenza A H1N1 | Not mentioned | [112] | |||||
26 | Olea eurolaea | Oleaceae | Leaves and fruits | Catechol: Hydroxytyrosol (HT) | i. Inactivates the viruses ii. Affects NP protein synthesis iii. Suppresses mRNA synthesis iv. Structural disruption | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H9N2 | A/Hokkaido/30/2000 (H1N1), A/Hokkaido/52/98 (H3N2), A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1), and A/chicken/Yokohama/aq55/01 (H9N2) | [113] |
27 | Panax ginseng | Araliaceae | Not mentioned | Polysaccharide: Panax ginseng polysaccharide [GP] Glycosides: Ginsenoside PPT, Re | GP: i. Reduce inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) ii. regular consumption protects against heterosubtypic lethal challenges | Influenza A H1N1,H3N2 | A/PR/8/34 ,A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) and A/Philippines/82 ( H3N2) | [114] |
PPT: i. Inhibits IP-10 production ii. Regulating the micro RNA, miR-15b Re: i. Partially reduced the virus-adapted apoptosis ii. Provide cytoprotection iii. Increase cell viability effect | Influenza A H9N2 | A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2) | [115] | |||||
28 | Panax quinquefolium | Araliaceae | Not mentioned | Glycosides: Ginsenoside | i. Prevent lethal lung damage ii. Interact with HA of virus iii. Prevents virus attachment with α 2–3′ sialic acid receptors | Influenza A H1N1 | A/Nanchang/8002/2009 H1N1 (NC2) (H1N1) | [116] |
29 | Pandanus amaryllifolius | Pandanaceae | Leaves | Proteins: Pandanus amaryllifolius (PYM2) Lectin: Pandanin | Pandanin: Hemagglutinator | Influenza A H1N1 | Not mention | [117] |
PYM2: Upregulation of cytokines IL-1β, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, and B | Not mention | [110] | |||||
30 | Perilla frutescens | Lamiaceae | Seeds | Flavones: Luteolin Phenolic acid: Rosmarinic acid | NA inhibitor | Influenza A H1N1 NA | Recombinant virus H1N1 neuraminidase (rvH1N1 NA E.C. 3.2.1.18) | [118] |
31 | Pithecellobium clypearia | Fabaceae | Leaves and twigs | Flavan-3-ol: (2R,3R)-7-O-galloylplumbocatechin A (1), (−)-5,3′,4′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavan-7-gallate (2), (+)-3,5,3′,4′,5′-penta-hydroxyflavan-7-gallate (3), and (−)-7,4′-di-O-galloyltricetiflavan (4), gallocatechin-7-gallate (J10688) | Flavan-3-ol compounds 1–4: Inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 or MCP-1 Compound 1 and 2: Moderate NA activity | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and B | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2), B/Jiangsu/10/2003 (B) | [119] |
J10688: i. Effective CLK1 inhibitor regulates M2 alternative splicing ii.Inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β iii. Increase survival rate by prevent viral infection and lung injury iv. Decrease viral NP, M2, and RNA synthesis | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2 and B | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2), and B/Jiangsu/10/2003 | [120] | |||||
32 | Pogostemon cablin | Lamiaceae | Dried aerial part | Sesquiterpene: Patchouli alcohol | i. Target virus particles and cellular PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways ii. Reduction of a viral nucleoprotein iii. Increased survival and decreased pneumonia symptoms in virus-infected mice iv. Reduced viral multiplication | Influenza A H1N1 | Influenza A viruses H1N1 (A/Puerto Rico/8/34), H1N1 (A/NWS/33), and H1N1 (A/Virginia/ATCC1/2009) | [121] |
i. Elevation of IgA, IgM, and IgG antibodies ii. Increased CD3+ and CD4+ T cell levels iii. Reduce lung inflammation by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IFN-γ | Influenza A H1N1 | A/FM/1/47(H1N1) | [122] | |||||
i. Inhibit viral penetration ii. Protect the infected mice from lethal effect iii. Perfect binding with virus NA | Influenza A H2N2 | A/Leningrad/134/17/1957(H2N2) | [123] | |||||
33 | Polygonatum odoratum | Asparagaceae | Rhizomes | Proteins: Polygonatum odoratum Lectin (POL) | POL: i. Antiviral activity against H1N1 and H5N1 ii. Produce immunomodulatory effects by upregulation of several cytokines like IL-1β, IL-12p35, IFN-γ, and TNF-α Lectin: Antiviral activity against H1N1 and H5N1 | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2,H5N1 and B | Not mention | [110] |
34 | Polygonum cuspidatum | Polygonaceae | Rhizome, dried roots | Stilbenes: Resveratrol, (E)-3, 5, 12-trihydroxystilbene-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside-2′-(3″, 4″, 5″-trihydroxybenzoate) Flavan-3-ol: Catechin-3-O-gallate | Virus and neuraminidase inhibitor | Influenza A H1N1 | Not mentioned | [124] |
35 | Psoralea carylifolia | Fabaceae | Seeds | Meroterpene: (+)-(S)-bakuchiol, and its enantiomer, (−)-(R)-bakuchiol | (+)-(S)-bakuchiol: i. Inhibited the H1N1 strains ii. Decreased viral mRNAs and protein expression iii. Induce Nrf2 activation and upregulated NQO1, p53 and GSTA3 mRNA levels thereby inhibit viral growth | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2 | A/PR/8/34, A/CA/7/09 (H1N1), and A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) | [125] |
36 | Punica granatum | Lythraceae | Fruit | Hydrolysable tannin: punicalagin | i. Produce direct inhibitory and virucidal effect. ii. Affect viral replication by target its attachment | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B | A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1), A/Hong Kong/2/68, A/HK (H3N2), B/Harbin/07/94 (B) | [126] |
37 | Rhodiola rosea | Crassulaceae | Dried Roots | Flavonols: Gossypetin, kaempferol | NI inhibition with Potent anti-influenza activity | Influenza A H1N1,H9N2 | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) A/Chicken/Korea/MS96/96 (H9N2) | [127] |
38 | Ribes nigrum | Grossulariaceae | Fruits | Crude extracts, anthocyanin | Extract inhibits the virus release and suppress late stage of growth | Influenza A H1N1 and B | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), B/Gifu/2/73 (B) | [128] |
Anthocyanin: Responsible for anti-influenza activity in crude extract Fractions D′ to G′: Potent against influenza A and B E′ and F′: Show Additive antiviral effects F′: Inhibit virus adsorption and release | Influenza A H1N1 and B | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), B/Gifu/2/73 (B) | [129] | |||||
39 | Sambucus nigra | Adoxaceae | Fruits (Berries) | Flavone: 5,7,3′,4′-tetra-O-methylquercetin (1) and 5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl) chroman-3-yl-3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate (2) | i. Virion binding ii. Prevent host cell entry and/or recognition | Influenza A H1N1 | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) | [130] |
40 | Schefflera heptaphylla | Araliaceae | Leaf stalk | Triterpenoids: 3α-hydroxylup-20 (29)-ene-23, 28-dioic acid and 3-epi -betulinic acid 3-O-sulfate. | Inhibit virus infection | Influenza A H1N1 | Not mentioned | [131] |
49 | Scutellaria baicalensis | Lamiaceae | Leaves and roots | Flavones:Baicalin, 5, 7, 4′-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (F36), Isoscutellarein (5,7,8,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone), wogonin, baicalein | Baicalin: i. Neuraminidase inhibitor ii. Affects the virus budding iii. Increased survival rate | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2 | i. A/FM1/1/47 (H1N1) and ii. A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) | [132] |
F36: i. Inhibit infection replication ii. Prevent virus proliferation iii. Reduce lung virus titers iv. Endosome/lysososme fusion inhibition | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and B | i. A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) ii. A/Guizhou/54/89 (H3N2) and iii.B/Ibaraki/2/85 (B) | ||||||
Isoscutellarein (5,7,8,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone: i. Sialidase inhibitory effect ii. Replication inhibition | Influenza A H1N1 | A/WSN/33 and A/PR/ 8/34 (H1N1) | ||||||
Wogonin: i. Replication suppression ii. Induce IFN response and AMPK phosphorylation | Influenza A H1N1, seasonal H1N1, H3N2, and B of Yamagata lineage | A/Puerto-Rico/8/34(H1N1), seasonal H1N1, H3N2, and B of Yamagata lineage (Clinical influenza strains) | [137] | |||||
Baicalein: i.Interact with NA1 active sites ii.Inhibit replication | Influenza A H1N1 (pandemic and seasonal) | A/Taiwan/CMUH/2009 (pandemic 2009 H1N1), A/Taiwan//CMUH/2007(seasonal 2007 H1N1) | [138] | |||||
42 | Solanum tuberosum | Solanaceae | Root tuber | Anthocyanin | Additive or synergistic effect of the constituents produce antiviral effect | Influenza A H1N1 and B | H1N1 (A/PR/8/34) and B(B/Gifu/2/73) | [139] |
43 | Sophora flavescens | Leguminosae | Root, dried heart wood | Alkaloids: i. Aloperine and its derivatives ii.Matrine, Pterocarpans, Homoisoflavonoid: Sappanone A and Brazilin, Prenylflavonoid: 8-Prenylkaempferol (8-PK), Prenylflavanones | Alkaloids: i. Target NP ii. Reduce cytotoxic effect and HI inhibition similar to Oseltamivir. | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H9N2 | A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1), oseltamivir-sensitive virus VR1679 (H3N2) A/Goose/Dalian/3/2001( H9N2) | |
Pterocarpan: In silico studies shows NA binding near to active site | Influenza A | PDB ID 1L7F | [142] | |||||
Sappanone A and Brazilin: Strong NA inhibitors | Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H9N2 | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/HongKong/8/68 (H3N2), a/Chicken/Korea/MS96/96 (H9N2) | [80] | |||||
8-PK: i.Block PI3K pathway ii.Prevent NF-κB, IRF-3 activation and IκB degradation ii.Reduction of RANTES accumulation | Influenza A H1N1 | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) | [143] | |||||
Prenylflavanones: Active against influenza infection | Influenza A H1N1 | A/WSN/33/2009(H1N1) | [144] | |||||
44 | Strobilanthes cusia | Acanthaceae | Not mentioned | Alkaloid: Indirubin | Inhibition of RANTES in virus-infected H292 cells Interrupts virus-induced NF-κB translocation, p38 MAP kinase activation | Influenza A H1N1 | A/NWS/33 (H1N1) | [106] |
45 | Taxodium distichum | Cupressaceae | Stem | Shikimic acid | NA inhibitor | Influenza A H1N1 | A/WSN/33 (H1N1) | [145] |
46 | Thallasodendron ciliatum | Cymodoceaceae | Whole plant | Ester: Asebotin Chalcone: Thalassodendrone (dihydrochalcone diglycoside) | Asebotin: Virus inhibition | Influenza A H5N1 | A/chicken/Egypt/1055/2010 (H5N1) | [146] |
Inhibit virus with low cytotoxic effect | Influenza A H1N1 | A virus /WSN/33 ( H1N1) | [147] | |||||
47 | Wasabi japonica | Brassicaceae | Rhizome, fibrous root, and petiole | Isothiocyanate | Virucidal effect | Influenza virus | Not mentioned | [148] |
48 | Withania somnifera | Solanaceae | Fresh leaves | Ester: Withaferin A | High binding affinity with NA (Docking study) | Influenza A H1N1 | Not mentioned | [149] |
49 | Zizyphus jujuba | Rhamnaceae | Leaves, Fruit, and dried roots | Triterpene: Betulinic acid | i. Proliferation inhibition ii. Attenuation of increased necrosis, numbers of inflammatory cells, and pulmonary edema iii. Decreases inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ | Influenza A H1N1 | A/PR/8 (H1N1) | [150] |
50 | Not mentioned | – | – | Monoterpenes: Menthol, Eucalyptol | Strong interactions with HA (Docking study) | Influenza A H5N1 | Not mentioned | [151] |