Table 1 Role of nanofibers for transdermal delivery of various antibiotics/antimicrobial drugs
S. No | Drug | Polymer | Drug loading (%)/diameter (nm) | Sophisticated techniques used for characterization/animal model used | Key findings | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tetracycline hydro chloride | PLGA | 42.65/519 ± 133 | SEM, Cytocompatibility assay/not given | Halloysite nanotubes/PLGA nanofibers impregnated with tetracycline hydrochloride showed release of drug up to 42 days followed by excellent in-vitro cytocompatibility in mouse fibroblast cells | [52] |
2 | Ciprofloxacin | PVP | Not given/410 ± 40 | SEM, ATR FT-IR, NMR, TGA/C57BL/6 J mice | Ciprofloxacin loaded nanofibers showed quick wound resorption and speedy healing of the wound in experimental animals compared to a transparent polymeric film | [53] |
3 | Ciprofloxacin | PVA/Dextran | Not given/200–300 | SEM, FT-IR, TGA/not given | Ciprofloxacin loaded nanofibers showed in-vitro drug release through a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism indicating their effectiveness to deliver ciprofloxacin transdermally | [54] |
4 | Teicoplanin | Chitosan/PEO | 63.06 ± 0.19/272.57 ± 54.15 | SEM, FT-IR, DSC/Wistar rats | Nanofibers loaded with 4% teicoplanin showed its sustained release up to twelve days, high in-vitro antibacterial effect and cytocompatibility, and significant wound reduction in experimental animals | [55] |
5 | Tetracycline | Dextran, PCL, GO | 42/30–50 | SEM, FT-IR/not given | Tetracycline loaded nanofibers containing 50% (w/w) dextran showed its sustained release for three days followed by high therapeutic activity against E. coli and S. aureus in-vitro | [56] |
6 | Chloro tetracycline hydro chloride, Tetracycline hydro chloride, Amphotericin B | PCL, PLA | Not given/300–400 | SEM/not given | Nanofibers composed of polymers PCL: PLA (3:1) showed the quickest in-vitro release of tetracycline hydrochloride and slowest release of amphotericin B in PBS (pH 7.35) followed by good antibacterial activity against S. aureus indicating their suitability for transdermal drug delivery | [57] |
7 | Ciprofloxacin hydro chloride | Sodium alginate, PEO, Pluronic F-127 | 51.0 ± 6.7/161 | SEM, FT-IR/not given | Developed nanofibers released 24% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride for the first twenty hours of study through the mechanism of Fickian diffusion indicating their efficacy for transdermal drug delivery for treating wounds | [58] |
8 | Not given | Chitosan, PVA | Not given/279.8 | SEM, histology of wound tissue/Wistar rats | Nanofibers composed of chitosan and PVA (75:25) showed speedy wound recovery in diabetic rats compared to the control group of the animals | [59] |
9 | Neomycin | PSSA-MA, PVA | 46/250 ± 21 | FT-IR, cytotoxicity analysis/Wistar rats | Neomycin loaded PSSA-MA and PVA nanofibers effectively reduced the size of wound in Wistar rats during the first week of treatment compared to polymeric gauze and blank nanofibers composed of the same polymers | [60] |