Table 1 Natural components that improve mitochondrial dysfunction and/or their biogenesis
From: Targeting mitochondrial biogenesis: a potential approach for preventing and controlling diabetes
Sl. No. | Name of the agent | Animal models/Human trials | Net effect on mitochondria | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lipoic acid (LA) | Rat skeletal muscle | Decreased ROS production, Stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, Increased Fatty acid oxidation | [58] |
2 | Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) | Rat, mice, dogs | Elevates mitochondrial enzyme activity, Improves mitochondrial function | [59] |
3 | B vitamins (Biotin) | Rat hepatocytes | Promote cGMP, Stimulate PGC-1α to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis just as nitric oxide does | [60] |
4 | A combination of LA, ALCAR and B vitamins | Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rats | Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, Improved mitochondrial function | [61] |
5 | Berberine | 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes | Increases AMPK activity | [62] |
6 | Hydroxytyrosol (HT) | 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Enhancement of mitochondrial function: it produced, Increases in the activity and protein expression of mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, IV and V | [63] |
7 | Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | 3T3-L1adipocytes | Increased mitochondrial biogenesis, Increased mitochondrial mass, Increased oxygen consumption and expression of complex I, II, V, mt-DNA, and PGC-1α | [64] |
8 | Resveratrol (RSV) | Mice skeletal muscles | Increased mitochondrial biogenesis, Increased PGC-1α, Increased oxidation | [65] |