Table 1 Herbs, their origin, dosage as bioenhancements, and mechanism
Sr. no. | Bioenhancer | Biological origin | Class | Dosage as bioenhancements | Drug with bioenhancers | Mechanism | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Piperine Part used-Seeds | Piper longum and Piper nigrum Family- Piperaceae | Amid alkaloid | 15Â mg/kg | Nevirapine, Rifampicin, Propranolol, Nimesulide, Ciprofloxacin | Piperine's methylenedioxyphenyl ring helps to inhibit drug-metabolising enzymes such as CYP 450 and UDP glucuronyl transferase. P-gp is also inhibited, causing drug efflux from enterocytes | [17] |
2 | Curcumin Part used-Rhizomes | Curcuma longa Linn Family-Zingiberaceae | curcuminoids | 12Â g/day | Celiprolol, Midazolam | Curcumin suppresses drug-metabolising enzymes (CYP3A4) in the liver, causing changes in the drug transporter P-glycoprotein, which raises the Cmax and AUC of celiprolol and midazolam in rats | |
3 | Quercetin | This flavonoid may be found in a variety of fruits (apples, citrus fruits such red grapes, raspberries, and cranberries), green leafy vegetables, and black and green tea. | flavonoid | – | Diltiazem, Digoxin, Epigallocatechin gallate | It inhibits the p-glycoprotein efflux pump and the metabolising enzyme CYP 3A4 in the intestinal mucosa and restrains the metabolising enzyme CYP3A4 | [21] |
4 | Ginger Part used-Whole Part | Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae family | Saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids | 10–30 mg/kg | Antibiotics like Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Cephalexin, Cefadroxil, Amoxycillin, and Cloxacillin | The saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids in ginger have a powerful effect on the GIT mucosal membrane. Ginger aids absorption by modulating gastrointestinal function | [22] |
5 | Indian aloe Part used-Leaves | Aloe barbadensis Mill., | Liliopsida | Vitamin C and E | Indian aloe (Leaves) | Aloe, when combined with vitamins, slows down and prolongs absorption | [23] |
6 | Caraway Part used-Seeds | Carum carvi Linn., Family- Apiaceae | Novel flavonoid | 1–55 (mg/kg) | Antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer medications, Anti-TB medications including Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, and Isoniazid have therapeutic efficacy | Because of new flavonoids, rifampicin's peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) are increased. | |
7 | Capsaicin Part used- Fruit | Capsicum annum Linn., Family- Solanaceae | capsaicinoid | – | Theophylline | Capsicum enhances the AUC of the medicines by increasing their absorption | [26] |