Table 1 Herbs active phytochemical constituents and their mechanism of action

1

Bacopa monnieri

Scrophulariaceae

Bacosides A, B

Synaptic plasticity gene expression regulation, chromatin modifying enzyme (DNMT, HDAC, and CBP), and modification of cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurotransmission are also involved

[16, 20, 21]

2

Curcuma longa

Zingiberaceae

Diferuloylmethane, Demethoxycurcumin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin

The expression of genes linked to cell proliferation is enhanced, and the BDNF/TrKB/PI3K/Akt signalling is activated

[24,25,26]

3

Asparagus racemosus

Asparagoideae

Shatavarin I-IV

Increased striatal DA level, Enhanced GSH peroxidase, and GSH in Hippocampus and Histritun, inhibition of Ache, BchE, and MAO-B

[36, 37]

4

Helicteres angustifolia

Malvaceae

Flavonoids: kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 5,8-dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone, takakin 8-O-β-d-glucuronide 6″-methyl ester and takakin 8-O-β-d-glucuronide 2″-sodium sulphate Lignans: lariciresinol, lirioresinol-B and ( +)-pinoresinol

Modulation of TrkA/Ras/Raf/ERK signalling pathways, Activation of NGF signalling, Control of Neuronal (MAP2, GAP43), and Astroglial cell (GFAP) Differentiate Marker Expression, and NGF Signalilng Regulation

[44, 45]

5

Hericium erinaceus

Hericiaceae

Erinacines, Hericenones

By triggering the Trk/MEK/ERK and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways, H. erinaceus promotes NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth

[55, 56]

6

Crocus sativus

Liliaceae

Crocin and Safranal

It inhibits immunoreactivity and inflammatory expression of- IL-1β and TNF-αcytokines as well as higher expression of the Interleukin-10 following spine damage

[59]

7

Uncaria tomentosa

Rubiaceae

Proanthocyanidins, proanthocyanidin B2, and proanthocyanidin C1

It lessens the load of brain plaques and enhances short-term memory both in young and old "plaque-producing" individuals

[65]

8

Centella asiatica

Apiaceae

Triterpenoids glycosides asiaticoside and asiaticoside A

The nuclear factor of activated B cells (Nuclear factor), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B/mTOR, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways may be involved in how C. asiatica triterpenoids affect neurological disorders

[73]

9

Convolvulus pluricaulis

Convolvulaceae

Triterpenes, flavonoids, Proanthocyanidins and steroids

Convolvulus pluricaulis substantially raised the MAP2 level during cerebral I/R injury and effectively decreased brain haemorrhage and oxidative stress

[87]

10

Moringa oleifera

Moringaceae

Scopoletin, β-sitosterol, cetyl alcohols, 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acids, flavonoid-kaempferol, steroids-phytosterols

The leaves and roots of M. oleifera plant exhibit potent in-vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activity when extracted with water and alcohol (methanolic and ethanolic). Its leaves are abundant in antioxidant chemicals and may shield animals from ailments brought on by oxidative stress

[96,97]