Fig. 2
From: Autoregulation: mediators and renin–angiotensin system in diseases and treatments
The Correlation between renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS). The interrelationship between the two systems can be found in Kallikrein which catalyzes the production of renin from its precursor (prorenin), and after the activation of the RAS, ACE-2 enzyme metabolizes bradykinin active metabolite, Des‐Arg9‐BK. C1 inhibitor protein inhibits bradykinin formation, directly by s suppressing the kininogen pathway; and indirectly by inactivating the kallikrein synthesis pathway from FXIIa factor [38, 39]