Table 3 Summary of clinical characteristics and management of diclofenac induced nicolau syndrome
From: Nicolau syndrome with pemphigus vulgaris: a rare case report and review of literature
References | Age / gender | Clinical features | Onset of reaction post injection | Culture report | Patient history | Treatment | Recovery time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murrell et al. [16] | 58/Male | 10 × 7 cm Necrotic patch | Pain (Immediately) Necrosis (14th day) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Gouty attack on right knee | Surgical debridement, Antibiotics (IV piperacillin), Oral analgesics | 2 months |
Ratnawidya et al. [20] | 69/Female | Necrosis and echar formation | Pain (Immediately) Necrosis (10th day) | – | B/L total knee arthroplasty | Surgical debridement, Skin graft | 2 months |
Lie et al. [21] | 45/Female | 15 × 20 cm necrotic patch | Severe Pain (Immediately) Necrosis (2nd day) | – | Headache | Surgical debridement, Antibiotics (IV ampicillin), surgical dressing | 3 months |
Okan and Canter [22] | 34/Female | Necrotic patch | Pain (2 h) Necrosis (2nd day) | – | Headache | Antibiotics Skin graft | 3 months |
Arslan et al. [7] | 40/Female | Sepsis of necrosed tissue and death | necrosis (3rd day) death (5th day) | Streptococcus pneumoniae | Otitis media chronic kidney disease | Fasciotomy, Enoxaparin Antibiotic (ceftriaxone, linezolid, clindamycin) | Death |
Şenel et al. [23] | 60/Female | Erythematous patch | Skin discoloration (12th day) | – | Knee osteoarthritis | Ayurvedic treatment | 1 month |
El Tal et al. [18] | 60/Female | Crusted plaque with skin necrosis | Plaque formation (6th day) | – | Lumbar pain | Surgical debridement, skin graft Mupirocin ointment | 3 months |
Mustafi et al. [17] | 30/Male | 8 × 6 cm crusted necrotic plaque | Necrotic plaque (7th day) | – | Post operative pilonidal sinus excision | Surgical debridement, skin graft, Mupirocin ointment | 3 months |
Chan et al. [24] | 60/Male | Purpuric patch with progression to opposite buttock | Progression of discoloration (4th day) | – | Headache | Extensive surgical debridement, Skin graft | 8 months |
Sasmal et al. [29] | 26/Male | Erythema and plaque formation | Plaque formation (4th day) | – | Ankle sprain | Surgical debridement, antibiotics | 2 months |
Park et al. [27] | 20/Male | Erythematous rash with bleeding | Pain with bleeding (immediately) | – | Pain in legs | Oral prednisolone, IV analgesic, antibiotic (IV amoxicillin) | 6 months |
Rygnestad and Kvam [30] | 42/Female | 6 × 9 cm plaque and ulcer formation | Plaque and ulcer formation (10th day) | – | Migraine | Sterile dressings, antibiotics | 1 month |
Kim [25] | 60/Female | Death due to septic infection | Streptococcal myositis infection and death (2nd day) | Streptococcal spp | Streptococcal myositis | Surgical debridement | Death |
Kılıç et al. [26] | 61/Female | Erythema, necrosis and bulla formation | Necrosis and bulla formation (2nd day) | Escherichia coli | Renal colic | Surgical debridement, antibiotics (penicillin, gentamycin, clindamycin) | 2 months |