Table 1 Different nanoparticles/nanovaccines against microbial infections

Bacterial infection

Tuberculosis

Chitosan nanoparticle

[48]

Anthrax

Poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanospheres

[49]

GAS infection

Lipopeptide-based

[50]

Tetanus

Gold nanoparticles

[51]

Chlamydia

Vault

[52]

Viral infection

Influenza

Liposomes, gold nanoparticles

[53, 54]

HIV

Gold nanoparticles, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid

[55, 56]

Hepatitis B

Poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanospheres

[57]

Dengue

Liposomes

[58]

Foot and mouth disease

Gold nanoparticles

[59]

Newcastle disease

Chitosan nanoparticles

[60]

Parasitic infection

Toxoplasmosis

α-helix self-assembling peptide nanoparticles

[61]

Malaria

Iron oxide nanoparticles

[62]