Fig. 1
From: Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm and its potential therapeutic targets
The common steps of biofilm development. Step 1: The planktonic cells adhere to the biotic or abiotic surface. Step 2: Bacterial cells aggregate and form microcolonies, secrete EPS, and the attachment becomes irreversible. Step 3: A biofilm is formed and matures, and cells form multi-layered clusters. Step 4: The growth of three-dimensional and further maturation of the biofilm, providing protection against the external environment. Step 5: The biofilm reaches a critical mass, and planktonic bacteria disperse to colonize other surfaces