Table 1 Pharmacological activities of active metabolites derived from various Dysidea sp

1–6

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and gram negative bacteria

D. herbacea and D. chlorea

Polybrominated 2-phenoxyphenol and

2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)-4,6-dibromophenoxy)

[54, 55]

7

Antimicroalgal against various classes of algae

D. fragilis

Hexabromodiphenyl ether and

brominated diphenyl ether

[15]

8–16

Antifungal activity, broad-spectrum antimicrobial

D. herbacea

Polybrominated oxydiphenol,

diphenyl ethers, dysideathiazole

N-methyldysideathiazole, and 10-dechloro -N-methyldysideathiazole

[56, 57]

17

Extremely potent cytotoxicity against KB cells

D. arenaria

Arenastatin A

[18]

18

Cytotoxic against L1210 cells. Inhibition the growth of bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,, and fungi such as Candida albicans

D. fragilis

Dysidazirine

[51]

19

Antileishmanial activity

D. herbacea

Herbamide A

[38]

20

Toxic compound

D. fragilis

Dysamide D

[21]

21, 22

Antimicrobial, and inhibits the growth/development of H. contortus larvae

D. herbacea and D. fragilis

Dysinin

Dysidenin

[58]

23

Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, cardiovascular diseases, and antiviral

Diketopiperazines

[59, 60]

24

Antimicrobial with antifungal activity

7-deacetoxy-olepupuane

[61]

(25–27)

Antiviral, cytotoxic and leishmania-cidal activities

Euryfuran,

Olepupuane,

and Hydroxybutenolide

[62, 63]

(28–30)

Cancer and other proliferative diseases may be treated with the use of their antimitotic activity

D. etheria

Dysidiolide,

Furodysinin,

and furodysinin lactone

[64]

31, 32

Cytotoxic activity

D. fragilis

Nakafuran-8

O-methyl nakafuran-8 lactone

nakafuran-9

[65]

33

Inhibit rat brain nitric oxide synthase activity

D. herbacea

Herbacin

[66]

34, 35

Anticancer potential against several types of cancer cells

D. arenaria

Arenaran-A and arenaran-B

[14, 66]

(36–41)

Toxic compounds

D. fusca

Drimane and drimane sesquiterpenes

[29, 67]

(42–47)

Inhibition of interleukin-8 receptors and anti-inflammatory

D. frondosa and D. crista galli

Frondosins and sesquiterpenes

[31, 68]

(48–50)

Antiparasitic, and anthelmintic

D. herbacea, and D. fragilis

Furodysin, thiolfurodysin, and thiolfurodysinin

[69, 70]

(51–56)

Antitumor and antimicrobial

D. amblia

Ambliol c,

Ambliofuran,

Pallescensin a,

Pallescensolide,

and Ambliol b,

[30, 71]

(57–59)

Glutamate receptor agonist, potent epileptogenic excitatory amino acid, and α-glucosidase inhibitors

D. herbacea,

Dysibetaine pp,

Dysibetaine cpa,

and Dysibetaine cpb

[34, 72, 73]

(60–62)

Cytotoxic, and inhibit protein phosphatase

D. herbacea and D. fragilis

Dihydrodysamide c,

Didechlorodihydrodysamide c,

and Spirodysin

[74,75,76,77]

(63, 64)

Cytotoxic

D. incrustans

Polyoxygenated steroids. (Incrustasterol a and b)

[78, 79]

(65, 66)

Highly oxygenated sterols with cytotoxic activity

D. etheria, D. aff. frondosa, and D. fragilis

Polyhydroxylated sterols

[42, 51, 80]

(67–72)

(73–81)

Prevention of fertilized sea urchin eggs from further division

D. chlorea

Heterumadysins

[10]

(82)

Neurotoxic, and potent epileptogenic amino acid

D. herbacea

Dysiherbaine

[81, 82]

(83,84)

Cytotoxic against several cancer cells

D. cinerea and D. avara

Bilosespens(a,b), avarol

[48]

(85,86)

Cytotoxic Scalarane sesterterpenoids

D. etheria and D. herbacea

Scalardysins

[83]

(87)

Antitumor and antimicrobial

D. amblia

Diterpenes

[30, 32]

(88)

Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticonvulsant activity

D. robusta

Ceramide

[84]

(89)

Antiproliferative potential against various cancer cell lines

D. granulosa

Granuloses A

[85]

(90)

The first marine natural substance to treat resistant strains of C. albicans

Dysidea arenaria

9α,11α-Epoxycholest-7-ene-3β,5α,6α,19-tetrol 6-Acetate

(ECTA)

[44]

(91–93)

Promotes root growth regarding the lettuce seedling assay and act as antifungal

Dysidea sp.

Indole-3-acetamide

Indole-3-carboxaldehyde

4-hydroxy-s-(indole-3-yl)-s-oxo-pentan-2-0ne

[86,87,88]

(94–98)

Cytotoxic and inhibit the bacterial α-D-galactosidase and antimicrobial

D. dendyi and D. herbacea

Tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxins, spongiadioxins a and b, and

Dysidin

[50, 89]

[38]

(99, 100)

Antiviral, ichthyotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anti-fouling

D. herbacea and D. fragilis

Herbasterol and

19-norherbasterol

[90, 91]

(101–104)

Cytotoxic against l1210 cells and inhibited the growth of Candida albicans

D. fragilis

(4e)-s-dysidazirine

(4z)dysidazirine

(4e)-antazirine

(4z)-antazirine

[51, 92, 93]

(105–107)

Anti-invasion potential

Dysidea sp.

Avinosol

3′-aminoavarone

3′-phenethylaminoavarone

[52, 94]

(108)

A novel β₂-adrenoceptor selective agonist

Dysidea sp.

β₂-adrenoceptor agonist S1319

[53]