Fig. 1

a Water's triple point at 0.01 °C and 0.00603 atm is depicted in a phase diagram. Freeze-drying is performed under the triple point to convert ice to vapour without entering the liquid phase. [Reproduced from Assegehegn et al. [17] with kind permission of the copyright holder, Elsevier, Amsterdam] b State diagram showing T_m, onset of ice melting; T_m′, onset of ice melting in a maximally freeze-concentrated solute matrix; T_g, glass transition temperature; T_g′, glass transition temperature of the maximally freeze-concentrated solute matrix; T_gw, glass transition of water, and T_c, collapsed temperature. T_c approximate to T_g′ and increases in the presence of cells. The shaded area shows a temperature range for maximum ice formation for the solute concentration C_g′. The glass line indicates the glass transition temperature at various solute concentrations [Reproduced from Santivarangkna et al. [31] with kind permission of the copyright holder, Wiley]