Table 1 Biosynthesized metallic NPs using various plants and their biomedical applications
MNPs/MONPs | Plant/part used | Metal precursor used | Morphology | Biomedical application | Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe2O3/Fe3O4 | Hyphaene thebaica (Aqueous fruit extract) | Iron nitrate hexa hydrate | Quasi-spherical/cuboidal 10 nm | Antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral activity | Growth of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) inhibited. Fe2O3 NPs were effective against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). An increase in Fe2O3 NP concentration reduced viability of RD cells and L20B cells. Moderate inhibition of poliovirus-1 and poliovirus-2 was noted in the culture of virus in L20B cells | [85] |
Ficus carica (Leaf extract) | Ferric chloride hexahydrate | Multiform 43–57 nm | Antioxidant activity | At 12.118 mg/mL, synthesized NPs had antioxidant capacity that can eliminate half of the environmental 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals | [86] | |
Celosia argentea (Leaf extract) | Ferric nitrate | Spherical/hexagonal/Cubic shape 5–10 nm | Antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, larvicidal activity | At 150 μg/mL, antibacterial activity was detected against E. coli (19 mm) and S. aureus (25 mm). A greater rate of inhibition of biofilm activity was observed at 150 μg/mL. A higher antioxidant (97%) was recorded at 80 μg/mL and higher anti-inflammatory (93%) and anti-diabetic (87%) activities were recorded at 500 μg/mL. MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed 86% inhibition at 50 μg/mL | [87] | |
Platanus orientalis (Leaf extract) | Ferric nitrate nonahydrate | Spherical 78–80 nm | Antifungal activity | Antifungal activity of iron oxide NPs against the fungus was 1.6 times higher than that of A. niger | [88] | |
Carica papaya (Leaf extract) | Ferric Chloride | Spherical 56 nm | Antibacterial | Antibacterial activity demonstrated against Gram-positive (S. aureus, Bacillus subtilus) and Gram-negative (E. coli, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas fluorescens) bacteria | [89] | |
ZnO | Ziziphus nummularia (Leaf extract) | Zinc nitrate | Spherical/irregular 17.33 nm | Antifungal activity | ZnO NPs demonstrated strong cytotoxic action against HeLa cancer cell line. NPs had superior antifungal activity compared to conventional azole antibiotics | [90] |
Limonium pruinosum L. Chaz. (The shoot system, leaves and stems) | Zinc acetate dihydrate | Hexagonal/cubic crystalline 41 nm | Anti-skin cancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity | The plant extract and synthesized ZnO NPs demonstrated the largest inhibition zone against E. coli measuring 29 and 31 mm, and C. albicans measuring 28 and 29 mm. At 1000 μg/mL, ZnO NPs and L. pruinosum extract showed highest DPPH activity, at 75.2% and 84.6%, respectively | [91] | |
Bixa orellana (Leaf, seed, and seed coat) | Zinc acetate | Spherical/almond-like 169 − 259 nm 304 − 465 nm 278 − 654 nm | Anticancer, antimicrobial | Antibacterial activity was detected in ZnO NPs containing leaf extract against S. aureus and B. subtilis. NPs containing seed extract inhibited E. coli, and NPs containing seed coat extract inhibited S. aureus. No cytotoxicity was observed against HCT-116 cancer cells. No antifungal activity recorded against fungi, including Penicillium sp., A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum), and Rhizoctonia solani | [92] | |
Mentha longifolia L. (Leaf extract) | Zinc nitrate | Spherical 60–70 nm | Antiparasitic | At 400 ppm and 150 min of exposure, NPs demonstrated highest scolicidal activity and 100% mortality rate. Morphological changes and loss of viability were seen in the treated protoscolices | [93] | |
CuO | Bacopa monnieri (Leaf extract) | Copper (II) acetate | Monoclinic crystalline 34.4 nm | Antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory | Strong inhibition zones at 5 mg/mL were demonstrated for H. salomonis (13.50 ± 0.84), H. felis (15.71 ± 0.91), H. suis (15.84 ± 0.89), and H. bizzozeronii (13.11 ± 0.83). After 48 h, NPs showed 74% less edema as compared to the control group that received diclofenac (100 mg/kg) | [94] |
Momordica charantia (Fruit extract) | Copper sulfate pentahydrate | Spherical 50–57 nm | Antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial | The highest efficacy was observed against Bacillus cereus with a 31.66 mm zone of inhibition. Additionally, CuO NPs had therapeutic potential against R2B strain of Newcastle disease, Streptococcus viridians, and Corynebacterium xerosis | [95] | |
Artemisia (Leaf extract) | Copper (II) sulfate | conceivable spherical/irregular form 38.5–48.5 nm | Antibacterial | Zones of inhibition for B. subtilis and E. coli were observed as 26.7 and 20.5 mm, respectively | [96] | |
Pimenta dioica (Leaf extract) | Copper (II) sulfate | Platelet/cuboid shape 20–50 nm | Antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant | For the L929 and DLD-1 cell lines, the IC50 value of CuO NPs is 89.42 mg/mL and 119.06 mg/mL, respectively | [97] | |
Gomphrena globosa Gomphrena serrate (leaf extracts) | Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate | G. globosa: Rod/hexagonal/irregular shape 345 nm G. serrata: Spherical 380 nm | Antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, photocatalytic activity | CuO NPs produced by G. globosa at 125 μg/mL demonstrated antibacterial activity, with the zone of inhibition measuring between 14 ± 1.41 and 13 ± 1.41 mm. NPs produced by G. serrata and G. globosa showed IC50 values of 85.14 and 77.75 μg/mL, respectively | [98] | |
TiO2 | Andrographis paniculata leaves extract | Titanium (IV) oxide | Spherical 50 nm | Antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antioxidant | E. Coli and Bacillus spp. showed a lower zone of inhibition. Salmonella spp. showed a higher zone of inhibition. LD50 value of TiO2 NPs was 250 μg/L | [99] |
Psidium guajava (Aqueous leaf extract) | Titanium dioxide | Spherical 32.58 nm | Antibacterial, antioxidant activity | TiO2 NPs (20 μg/mL) showed maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli (23 mm) and S. aureus (25 mm). In comparison to ascorbic acid, aqueous plant extract and TiO2 NPs exhibited the highest level of antioxidant activity | [100] | |
Morinda citrifolia (Root extract) | Titanium dioxide | Spherical/oval/triangle 20.46–39.20 nm | Larvacidal activity | Maximum activity of TiO2 NPs was shown against the larvae of An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Culex. quinquefasciatus | [101] | |
Moringa oleifera (Leaf extract) | Titanium dioxide | Spherical 100 nm | Wound healing activity | Nano-sized particles significantly exhibited wound healing activity in albino rats | [102] | |
Ag | Allium cepa | Silver nitrate | Spherical 10–23 nm | Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor activity | Human breast (MCF-7), hepatocellular (HepG-2) and colon (HCT-116) carcinoma cells were susceptible to the antitumor effects of Ag NPs with IC50 values of 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2 μg/mL | [103] |
Indigofera tinctoria (Leaf extract) | Silver nitrate | Spherical 9–26 nm | Anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity | IC50 values for Ag NPs and I. tinctoria leaf extract were 56.62 ± 0.86 μg/mL and 71.92 ± 0.76 μg/mL, respectively | [104] | |
Morinda citrifolia (Root extract) | Silver nitrate | Spherical and oval 32–55 nm | Anticancer activity | Complete cell death against HeLa cells was observed at 100 µg of Ag NPs | [105] | |
Alhagi graecorum (Leaf Extract) | Silver nitrate | Spherical 22–36 nm | Antifungal, antitumor | Antifungal activity was observed against Candida albicans, glabrata, parapsilosis, tropicales, and krusei. The inhibition zone ranged from 14 to 22 mm at 0.01 mmol/ml and from 17 to 27 mm at 0.02 mmol/mL | [106] | |
Azadirachta indica (Leaf and bark extract) | Silver nitrate | Spheroidal 13.01 nm (leaf) 19.30 nm (bark) | Antiplasmodial, hemolytic activity | Antiplasmodial activity against 3D7 and RKL9 P was demonstrated by IC50 values of 9.27 mg/mL and 11.14 mg/mL for leaf-mediated NPs and 8.10 mg/mL and 7.87 mg/mL for bark-mediated NPs. Ag NPs from the bark and leaves showed significant hemolytic activity (> 25%) at 125 μg/mL | [107] | |
Au | Allium sp. | Chloroauric acid | Spherical 11 nm | Antiviral | At 50% effective concentration (EC50 of 8.829 µg/mL), Au NPs actively inhibited MeV replication in Vero cells | [108] |
Sansevieria (Leaf extract) | Chloroauric acid | Spherical 40–70 nm | Anticancer | Au NPs enhanced antiproliferative effect of Cisplatin on prostate cancer cells with minimal cytotoxicity | [109] | |
Curcuma pseudomontana (rhizomes) | Chloroauric acid | Spherical 39 nm | Anti-Inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant | P. aeruginosa exhibited largest inhibition zone (13 mm) at 100 μg/mL of Au NPs, followed by E. coli (12 mm), and B. subtilis (11 mm) and S. aureus (11 mm). At 25 μg/mL, NPs exhibited high level of inhibition efficiency (94%) in comparison to the standard drug (92%) | [110] | |
Allium cepa (Onion peel extract) | Gold trichloride | Spherical/triangular 25–70 nm | Antibacterial, anticandidal, antioxidant, proteasome inhibitory effect | Zones of inhibition measuring 10.66 to 19.95 mm demonstrated greater efficacy of Au NPs and kanamycin mixture against the tested pathogens. Au NPs and rifampicin mixture was limited to its activity against S. aureus (22.49 mm) and E. coli (9.99 mm). At 100 μg/mL, NPs showed moderate DPPH scavenging potential of 14.44%, while BHT (the reference standard) showed 36.54% at same concentration | [111] | |
Jatropha integerrima (Flower extract) | Gold trichloride | Spherical 28–43 nm | Antibacterial | B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae were found to have MICs of 5.0, 10, 2.5, and 2.5 μg/mL | [112] |