Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as game-changers in targeted cancer therapy: recent innovations and prospects

Todaria, Moulika; Maity, Dipak; Awasthi, Rajendra

doi:10.1186/s43094-024-00601-9

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Table 11 Various plant extracts and precursor salts explored to synthesize metallic NPs for their liver cancer applications

From: Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as game-changers in targeted cancer therapy: recent innovations and prospects

Plant used	Metal precursor	Morphology	Cell line	Techniques used	IC₅₀ value	Impact	References
Silver
Punica granatum leaf extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 20–45 nm	HepG2	MTT assay, DPPH assay	70 μg/mL	It was hypothesized that Ag NPs could inhibit the function of abnormally increased signaling proteins or interact with functional groups of intracellular proteins and enzymes, as well as with the nitrogen bases in DNA, causing cell death	[299]
Artemisia kopetdaghensis shoot extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 3–35 nm	HepG2	MTT assay	0.125 μg/mL	Due to Ak-Ag NPs' increased cellular uptake and retention, the NPs were highly cytotoxic to HepG2 cell lines	[303]
Gold
Cajanus cajan seed coat	AuCl₄	Spherical 9–41 nm	HepG2	MTT assay, Flow cytometry, Comet assay, Annexin-V/PI double-staining assay	6 µg/mL	decrease in DNA amount and appearance in the sub-G0/G1 area, both of which are signs of apoptosis	[304]
Zinc oxide
Artemisia scoparia leaf extract	Zinc acetate dihydrate	Spherical 9.00 ± 4.00 nm	Huh-7	MTT assay, Flow cytometry, DAPI staining, RT-PCR, Propidium iodide staining	ZnO NPs: 10.26 Extract: 310.24 µg/mL	Anticancer effect was stronger in the synthesized ZnO NPs than the extract	[301]
Lawsonia inermis leaf extract	Zinc nitrate	Cubic, rod, Triangular, spherical 5–35 nm	Hep-G2	MTT assay, DCFH-DA	21.63 μg/mL	DNA damage and the stimulation of intrinsic mitochondrial pathways were two ways that ZnO NPs triggered apoptosis	[305]
Eclipta prostrata leaf extract	Zinc nitrate	Triangle, radial, hexagonal, rod, and rectangle 16–85 nm	Hep-G2		100 μg/mL	ZnO NPs can potentially change apoptotic protein expression and trigger apoptosis in mitochondria-dependent pathways in Hep-G2 cells	[306]
Copper oxide
Eclipta prostrata leaves extract		Spherical 28–45 nm	HepG2	DPPH assay, MTT assay	–	Cu NPs were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell lines at 1, 10, 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL; these concentrations resulted in cellular toxicity values of 3.0, 15.5, 28.5, 44.5, and 54.5%, respectively	[307]

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