Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as game-changers in targeted cancer therapy: recent innovations and prospects

Todaria, Moulika; Maity, Dipak; Awasthi, Rajendra

doi:10.1186/s43094-024-00601-9

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Table 3 Biosynthesis of metallic NPs using various fungi and their biomedical applications

From: Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as game-changers in targeted cancer therapy: recent innovations and prospects

MNPs/MONPs	Fungi used	Metal precursor (medium) used	Morphology	Biomedical application	Findings	References
Fe₂O₃/Fe₃O₄	Penicillium spp.	Iron (III) chloride	Spherical 3.31 to 10.69 nm	Antibacterial, antioxidant activity	NPs demonstrated inhibition activity at 250 μg against S. aureus (12 ± 0.6 nm), E. coli (11.3 ± 1.2 nm), K. pneumoniae (11.3 ± 0.6 nm), S. sonnie (11.3 ± 0.6 nm), and P. aeruginosa (11.3 ± 0.6 nm). NPs exhibited antioxidant potential against DPPH radical as compared by ascorbic acid with IC₅₀ values of 12.2 μg/mL	[155]
	A. flavus	Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate	Spherical 28.6–33.8 nm	Antimicrobial	Maximum (10 mm) inhibition of bacterial growth against S. aureus was demonstrated by Fe NPs. Zones of inhibition against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were 12.3 and 10.5, respectively	[156]
	Aspergillus terreus	Iron (III) chloride	Spherical 40–100 nm	Anticancer	Cell viability dropped to 41.9%	[157]
CuO	Trichoderma asperellum	Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate	Spherical 110 nm	Anticancer	CuO NPs significantly increased cell death. IC₅₀ for CuO NPs in A549 cell lines was 40.625 µg/mL	[158]
	Aspergillus fumigatus	Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate	Spherical 48 nm	Antibacterial	At 100 µg/mL, CuO NPs showed maximum scavenging activity against DPPH (73.65%)	[159]
	Aspergillus terreus	Copper sulfate	Less than 100 nm	Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer	CuO NPs exhibited the highest activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and V. cholera (50% cell inhibition at 22 μg/mL)	[160]
	Shizophyllum commune	copper (II) chloride	Spherical 22 to 60 nm	Antibacterial, antifungal	Highest antibacterial efficacy was shown against S. aureus followed by E. coli. At 150 μM, inhibition zone of 1.7 cm and 1.9 cm was recorded in C. albicans and F. oxysporum, respectively	[161]
ZnO	Pleurotus ostreatus	Zinc nitrate	Spherical 7.50 nm	Antibacterial, anticancer	Mushroom extract induced dose-dependent decline in cell viability for Hek293 cells. Lowest cell viability (22%) was recorded at 2000 µg/mL. ZnO NPs synthesized from mushrooms demonstrated comparable cytotoxic effects on HepG2 and Hek293 cells. A steep drop in cell viability in HepG2 cells (97% at 16 µM to 12% at 100 µM) and Hek293 cells (94% at 16 µM to 22% cells at 100 µM) was recorded	[162]
	Cladosporium tenuissimum FCBGr	Zinc nitrate	Hexagonal Less than 100 nm	Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer	ZnO NPs had an IC₅₀ concentration of 62 μg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging activity. At 58 μg/mL, NPs inhibited 50% of nitric oxide radicals. ZnO NPs (1 mg/mL) inhibited HeLa cell lines at a rate of 89.59% indicating their effectiveness against cervical cancer cells	[163]
	Aspergillus niger	Zinc acetate	Spherical 23.97 ± 2.29 nm	Antibacterial	MIC values for the antibacterial potential against the tested S. aureus ranged from 8 to 128 µg/mL	[164]
TiO₂	Tricoderma citrinoviride	Titanium isopropoxide	Irregular/triangular, pentagonal/spherical rod-shaped 10–400 nm	Antibacterial, antioxidant	The biogenic TiO₂ NPs (100 µg/mL) exhibited remarkable antibacterial efficacy when tested on planktonic cells of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa that are highly resistant to drugs. The antioxidant potential of TiO₂ NPs was superior to gallic acid	[165]
TiO₂	Fomitopsis pinicola	Titanium (IV) isopropoxide	Spherical 10–30 nm	Antibacterial, anticancer	MIC/MBC values were 62.5/125 and 62.5/125 μg/mL for E. coli and S. aureus. Strong cytotoxic effect of TiO₂ NPs was observed against HCT-116 cancer cells	[166]
Ag	Penicillium oxalicum (Amoora rohituka plant leaf)	Silver nitrate	Spherical 15–19 nm	Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer	MIC₂₅, MIC₅₀, and MIC₇₅ values of Ag NPs against E. coli were 8.710 ± 0.217, 12.369 ± 0.099, and 81.857 ± 0.453 μg/mL, respectively. The corresponding values for S. aureus were 14.417 ± 0.011, 20.975 ± 0.008, and 61.614 ± 1.452 μg/mL, respectively	[167]
	F. oxysporum (Withania somnifera leaves)	Silver nitrate	Spherical 10–50 nm	Antibacterial Cytotoxic activity	All the Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms were found to be sensitive and to exhibit a zone of clearance	[168]
	Aspergillus brasiliensis	Silver nitrate	Spherical 6–21 nm	Antibacterial, antifungal	Ag NPs inhibited B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans in distinct zones, measuring 12, 15, 12, 12, and 14 mm, respectively	[169]
	Trichoderma spp.	Silver nitrate	Spherical	Antibacterial	Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) had lower MIC values than Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. faecalis)	[170]
	Alternaria sp	Silver nitrate	Spherical 3–10 nm	Antifungal	The MIC of Ag NPs was 25 µL, whereas all fungal strains grew at very low rates (50 and 100 µL)	[171]
Au	Cladosporium species (C. wightii leaves)	Chloroauric acid	Spherical (irregular morphology) 5–10 nm	Anticancer effect	IC₅₀ value of the Au NPs was 38.23 µg/mL in breast cancer cell line MCF-7	[172]
	Trichoderma hamatum SU136	Gold chloride	Spherical/pentagonal/hexagonal 5–30 nm	Antibacterial	Compared to the clear zones surrounding streptomycin and gold chloride, the AuNPs' clear zone appearance was smaller and showed antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains; no clear zones were observed surrounding the fungal mycelial-free extract	[173]
	Alternaria alternata	Chloroauric acid	Spherical/triangular/hexagonal 2–30 nm	Antifungal	–-	[174]
	Fusarium solani	Chloroauric acid	Spindle 40–45 nm	Anticancer	IC₅₀ value was found to be 1.3 ± 1.0 µg/mL followed by 0.8 ± 0.5 µg/mL against MCF-7 cell line	[175]

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