Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as game-changers in targeted cancer therapy: recent innovations and prospects

Todaria, Moulika; Maity, Dipak; Awasthi, Rajendra

doi:10.1186/s43094-024-00601-9

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Table 5 Various plant extracts and precursor salts explored to synthesize metallic NPs for their breast cancer applications

From: Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as game-changers in targeted cancer therapy: recent innovations and prospects

Plant used	Metal precursor	Morphology	Cell line	Techniques used	IC₅₀ value	Impact	References
Silver
Tamarindus indica Fruit shell extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 20–52 nm	MCF7	MTT assay, Dual staining (Ao/EtBr), DCFH-DA staining, Rhodamine 123 staining	20 µg/mL	More nuclear morphological changes significant induction in MMP level compared to control	[216]
Buchanania axillaris leaves	Silver nitrate	Spherical 17–80 nm	MCF7	MTT assay	31 µg/mL	The percent inhibitions of cell growth were found to increase with the increasing concentrations of the nanoparticle	[217]
Cyperus conglomeratus Root Extracts	Silver nitrate	Spherical 70–100 nm	MCF7	MTT assay, Flow cytometry, rtPCR	5 μg/mL	The IC₅₀ concentration of synthesized Ag NPs after 24 h treatment of MCF-7 cells significantly reduced the mRNA levels of Bcl2, survivin, and YAP genes compared with control untreated MCF-7 cells	[213]
Phoenix dactylifera root extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 21.65–41.05 nm	MCF-7	MMTT assay, AO/EtBr staining, Flow cytometry	29.6 μg/mL	At S-phase, it was discovered that the cell cycle is arrested, significantly slowing down the rate of cell division	[218]
Conocarpus Lancifolius fruits extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 5–30 nm	MDA-MB-231	MMTT assay, DCFH-DA staining, Hoechst blue staining, Rhodamine 123	16.8 μg/mL	Observed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells through activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation	[219]
Gold
Mentha Longifolia leaf extract	Chloroauric acid	Spherical 36.4 nm	MCF7 Hs578Bst Hs319.T UACC-3133	MTT assay	MCF7: 274 μg/mL Hs 578Bst: 279 μg/mL Hs 319.T: 274 μg/mL UACC-3133: 201 μg/mL	The biosynthesized nanoparticles had effective antibreast cancer effects against MCF7, Hs 578Bst, Hs 319.T, UACC-3133 cell lines without any cytotoxicity activity against normal cell line i.e., HUVEC	[220]
Tecoma capensis (L.) leaves extract	Gold tetrachloroaurate	Spherical 10–35 nm	MCF7	MTT assay, DPPH assay	T. capensis extract: 23.3 µg/mL T. capensis Au NPs: 9.6 µg/mL	Both T. capensis Au NPs and T. capensis extract showed significant antioxidant activity with DPPH scavenging percentages of 70.73% for T. capensis Au NPs and 85.62% for T. capensis extract	[221]
Copper oxide
Prunus nepalensis Fruit	Copper sulfate	Crystalline 42.5 nm	MCF7 Human normal cell line: MCF10A	MTT assay, Quantitative RT-PCR	158.5 µg/mL	RT-PCR results showed upregulation in p53, caspase-3, Bax, and caspase-9. Down regulation of mRNA expression recorded in Myc and Ras genes in MCF-7 cells	[222]
Acalypha indica leaf extract	Copper sulfate	Spherical 26–30 nm	MCF7	MTT assay	56.16 µg/mL	Plant-mediated copper oxide NPs showed best anticancer activity	[223]
Syzygium alternifolium stem bark	Copper sulfate pentahydrate	Spherical 5–13 nm	MDA-MB-231	MTT assay	50 µg/mL	From 10, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, the concentration of CuONPs increased	[211]
Wrightia tinctoria (Wt) extract	Copper sulfate pentahydrate	Spherical 15–40 nm	MCF-7	MTT assay	119.23 μg/mL	The release of copper ions from the nanoparticles, which bind to the cell's DNA, is the primary cause of Cu NPs harmful effects on cancer cells. As a result, it damages DNA and induces cell death	[224]
Titanium oxide
Gloriosa superba rhizome extract	Titanium hydroxide	Spherical 20–100 nm	MCF7 Normal fibroblast mouse cells: L929	MMTT assay, AO/EtBr and Hoechst staining, DCFH-DA staining, Rhodamine 123, Comet assay	MCF-7: 46.64 µg/mL L929: 61.81 µg/mL	COMET assay confirmed the DNA destruction in the nanotitania-treated cancer cells. The biomolecule-coated nanotitania catalysts could be used as potential and novel comp	[210]
Zanthoxylum armatum leaf extract	Titanium tetra butoxide	Spherical 15–50 nm	murine 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells	RPMI-1640 assay, Flow cytometry, TBARS assay, Hemolysis assay	4.11 µg/mL	Z. armatum-derived NPs are as efficient as doxorubicin toward breast carcinoma with no symptoms of cardio toxicity and alteration in the body weight making them safer than doxorubicin	[225]

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