Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as game-changers in targeted cancer therapy: recent innovations and prospects

Todaria, Moulika; Maity, Dipak; Awasthi, Rajendra

doi:10.1186/s43094-024-00601-9

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Table 6 Various plant extracts and precursor salts explored to synthesize metallic NPs for their lung cancer applications

From: Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as game-changers in targeted cancer therapy: recent innovations and prospects

Plant used	Metal precursor	Morphology	Cell line	Techniques used	IC₅₀ value	Impact	References
Silver
Citrus sinensis leaf aqueous extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 78.12 nm	NCI-H661, HLC-1, NCI-H1563, LC-2/ad, NCI-H1299, PC-14, HUVEC	DPPH assay, MTT assay	NCI-H661: 82 µg/mL HLC-1: 139 µg/mL NCI-H1563:170 µg/mL LC-2/ad: 66 µg/mL NCI-H1299: 62 µg/mL PC-14: 50 µg/mL	Dose-dependent decrease in human lung cancer cell viability reported	[238]
Leucus aspera leaf extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 40.67–8.17 nm	A549 HUVEC	DPPH assay, MTT assay	328 µg/mL	No cytotoxicity on the normal cell line (HUVEC) and very low cell viability against the A549 cell line	[239]
Avicennia marina leaf extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 10–100 nm	A549	MTT assay, DCFH-DA assay, Rhodamine 123	50 µg/mL	High damages in mitochondrial membrane	[240]
Cleome viscosa L fruit extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 20–50 nm	A549	MTT assay	28 µg/mL	The ability of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles to inhibit cancer cells growth in vitro could be taken as an indicator of potential anticancer effect	[241]
Lonicera japonica leaves extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical	A549	MTT assay	75 µg/mL	At very low concentrationsAg NPs altered the shape of A549 human lung cancer cells	[235]
Gold
Rabdosia rubescens	Gold (III) chloride trihydrate	Spherical 130 nm	A549	MTT assay, DAPI staining, TUNEL assay, Western blotting analysis	50 µg/mL	Caspase levels were found to be 1.5 times higher in the cells treated with 25 µg/mL of RR-AuNP	[242]
Musa paradisiaca peel extract against	Chloroauric acid	Spherical to triangular 50 nm	A549	MTT assay	58 μg/mL	Nuclear morphological changes, such as cell clumping and a lack of membrane stability, after 24 h at 100 μg/mL	[243]
Marsdenia tenacissima plant extracts	Chloroauric acid	Spherical 40–50 nm	A549	MTT assay, AO/EtBr staining, Western blotting	15 µg/mL	Modulates the levels of the proteins Bax and Bcl-2 to cause apoptosis in the lung cancer cell line A549	[244]
Magnolia officinalis extract	–	Oval, spherical, hexagonal, and triangular 70–10 nm	A549	MTT assay, DCFH-DA, TUNEL assay, Western blotting	50 µg/mL	In A549 cells, Au NPs made from Magnolia officinalis increased the expression of Bax, Beclin-1, and caspase-3 while decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 and Bid	[231]
Zinc oxide
Azadirachta indica leaf extract	Zinc sulfate heptahydrate	Ribbon/strip shaped	A549	MTT assay, Crystal violet assay, AO/PI staining, Flow cytometry	138.50 µg/mL	Apoptosis was observed in cells treated with IC₅₀ dose G1 phase accounted for 76.9% cells get arrested in A549 cells after treatment	[245]
Euphorbia fischeriana root extract	Zinc acetate dehydrate	Spherical 30 nm	A549	MTT assay, AO/EtBr fluorescence staining, DCFH-DA assay, Rhodamine 123, Cell migration assay, Western blotting analysis	14.5 µg/mL	EF-ZnO NPs induced cytotoxicity also activated apoptosis during increased ROS formation, decreased MMP, inhibited cell migration, altered AO/EtBr staining and induced pro-apoptotic and inhibited anti-apoptotic protein were observed	[246]
Mangifera indica leaf extract	Zinc nitrate	Spherical/hexagonal quartzite 45–60 nm	A549	MTT assay	25 µg/mL	Anticancer activity of ZnO NPs increased with the increasing concentration of NPs and is comparable to the cytotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide in low doses	[247]
Copper oxide
Calendula officinalis aqueous leaf extract	Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate	Spherical 19.64–39.15 nm	LC-2/ad PC-14 HLC-1	DPPH assay, MTT assay	PC-14: 297 µg/mL LC-2/ad:328 µg/mL HLC-1:514 µg/mL	The viability of malignant lung cell line reduced dose-dependently	[248]
Ficus religiosa leaf extract	Cupric sulfate	Spherical	A549	MTT assay, AO/EtBr fluorescence staining, DCFH-DA assay, Rhodamine 123	200 μg/mL	When compared to control, A549 cells treated with copper oxide nanoparticles showed loss of membrane integrity, apoptosis induction, and orange fragmented nuclei, all of which were consistent with low cell viability	[249]
Ilex paraguariensis	Copper(I) sulfate	Spherical 26–40 nm	A549	MTT assay	100 μg/mL	In lung cancer A549 cells, Cu NPs with a size of less than 20 nm caused cytotoxicity	[250]
Beta vulgaris extract	Cupric sulfate	Spherical 33.47 nm	A549	MTT assay, FACS analysis	25 μg/mL	In comparison to control, A549 cells decreased at the G0/G1 phase from 52.8 to 20.6%, increased at the S phase from 38.43 to 30.41%, and considerably increased at the G2/M phase from 14.56 to 52.46%	[251]
Foeniculum vulgare leaves extract	Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate	Spherical 33.62–74.81 nm	NCI-H2126, NCI-H1299, NCIH1437 Normal cell line: HUVEC	MTT assay DPPH assay	Fv-Cu NPs NCI-H2126: 122 µg/mL NCI-H1299: 168 µg/mL NCI-H1437: 108 µg/mL F. vulgare extract NCI-H2126: 594 µg/mL NCI-H1299: 781 µg/mL NCI-H1437: 610 µg/mL	The viability of malignant lung cell lines reduced dose-dependently in the presence of NPs. The IC₅₀ of Cu NPs and BHT against DPPH free radicals were 42 and 26 µg/mL, respectively	[252]
Titanium oxide
Ledebouria revoluta bulb extract	Titanium dioxide	Spherical 47.6 nm	A549	MTT assay	53.65 µg/mL	Highly reactive hydroxyl act as a powerful oxidant resulting in oxidative DNA-damage both single and double standard DNA	[232]

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