Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as game-changers in targeted cancer therapy: recent innovations and prospects

Todaria, Moulika; Maity, Dipak; Awasthi, Rajendra

doi:10.1186/s43094-024-00601-9

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Table 9 Various plant extracts and precursor salts explored to synthesize metallic NPs for their prostate cancer applications

From: Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as game-changers in targeted cancer therapy: recent innovations and prospects

Plants used	Metal precursor	Morphology	Cell line	Techniques used	IC₅₀ value	Impact	References
Silver
Carica papaya leaf extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 10–20 nm	DU145	MTT assay, DCFH-DA, Flow cytometry, AO/EtBr staining	5 μg/mL	G1-S phase cell cycle check point marker, cyclin D1 was down-regulated along with an increase in cip1/p21 and kip1/p27 tumor suppressor proteins by Ag NPs-PLE	[283]
Dimocarpus Longan Lour. Peel Extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 9–32 nm	PC-3	Trypan Blue, Exclusion assay, Western blot analysis	Between 5 and 10 μg/mL	An increase in caspase-3 was seen along with a decrease in stat 3, bcl-2, and survivin	[282]
Dovyalis caffra fruit extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 12–53 nm	PC-3	Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay	–	At 100 μg/mL, microscopic observations revealed membrane shrinkage, failure of cell adhesion, blebbing of the cell membrane, lyses of the cell membrane, the emergence of unique cellular crinkle, and cell death	[284]
Indigofera hirsute L. leaf extract	Silver nitrate	Spherical 5–10 nm	PC-3	MTT assay	68.5 μg/mL	As the concentration of increases, the cells become clustered and exhibited morphological alterations which eventually leads to cell death or apoptosis	[285]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	Silver nitrate	Spherical, oval, hexagonal and triangular 80 and 12 nm	LNcap cells	MTT assay, DCFH-DA, TUNEL assay, AO/EtBr staining, Caspase-8, 9 and 3 activity assay, Western Blot Analysis	50 μg/mL	Ag NPs effectively causes cytotoxicity, ROS, and apoptosis in LNCap cell lines by altering the expression of intrinsic apoptotic genes	[280]
Gold
Alhagi maurorum leaf aqueous extract	HAuCl₄⋅H₂O	Spherical less than 100 nm	DU 145, NCI-H660, 22Rv1, and LNCaP clone FGC)	MTT assay	DU 145: 229 µg/mL NCI-H660: 368 µg/mL 22Rv1: 298 µg/mL LNCaP clone: 222 µg/mL	The viability of malignant prostate cell lines reduced dose-dependently in the presence of Au NPs	[286]
Titanium oxide
Coleus aromaticus leaf extract	TiO₂	Hexagonal shape 12–33 nm	HeLa	MTT assay	34.45 µg/mL	Increased oxidative stress, destroyed the cell membrane, enhanced lipid peroxidation, lowered the level of glutathione (GSH), and eventually contributed to cells’ death	[266]

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