Table 1 Phytoconstituents of callus and their pharmacological activity

4-Hydroxy-L-threonine

It plays a crucial role in facilitating healthy fat metabolism within the liver, supporting the smooth functioning of the digestive and intestinal systems, and promoting efficient metabolic processes and assimilation [38]

Allixin

Antioxidant, antiatherogenic, anticancer activity [39, 40]

Genistin

Antioxidant, antiadipogenic and antilipogenic agent [41]

Ellagic acid

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective property [31, 42]

Quercetin

Reduces oxidative stress, inhibits low-density lipoproteins oxidation and platelet aggregation, and acts as vasodilator in blood vessels [43]

Calophyllum B

Anti-inflammatory activity [44]

Candoxatrilat

Endopeptidase inhibitor, useful in congestive heart failure [45]

(R)-Heraclenol

Inhibits histidine biosynthesis selectively and shows antibacterial activity [46]

2-Oxo-5,11(13)-eudesmadien12,8-olide

Anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antiviral, and cytotoxic activity [47]

Austrobailignan 7

Anticancer activity [48]

Schleicherastatin 6

Anticancer activity [49]

Mitoxantrone

Anticancer, anti-inflammatory activity and inhibits IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 [50, 51]

Paeonilactone C

Neuroprotective and antioxidant activity [52, 53]

Teasterone

Anti-inflammatory activity [54]

(5x,6x)-5,6-Epoxyergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity [55]

Convallasaponin

Tumor-specific cytotoxic activity [56]

Campesteryl ferulate

Antioxidant activity, hypolipidemic effect, elevation in HDL cholesterol level, suppression of platelet aggregation, and inhibition of tumor promotion [32]

Smilagenone

In cognitive impairment treatment [57]

(25R)-5beta-spirostan-3beta ol

Lowers bold cholesterol level [58]

Cucurbitacin B

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, and cancers, decreases lipid accumulation and antiatherosclerotic [33, 34]

Euphornin

In cancer treatment [59]

Pyropheophorbide a

In cancer treatment [60]

Cucurbitacin E

Anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, cytostatic, and hepatoprotective property [61]

Ciclesonide

In treatment of asthma [62]

Methyl 3b-hydroxy-13(18)-oleanen-28-oate

Antiosteoporotic activity [63]

Schleicherastatin 6

In treatment of cancer [64]

1-O-Galloylpedunculagin

Antioxidant activity [65, 66]

( +)-cis-5,6-Dihydro-5-hydroxy4-methoxy-6-(2-phenylethyl)-2H-pyran-2-on

A triterpenoid, pharmacological activity not know yet

Ellagic acid

It affects lipid metabolism by promoting cholesterol efflux and decreasing LDL uptake, while also possessing antioxidant, liver-protective, antisteatotic, anticholestatic, antifibrogenic, antihepatocarcinogenic, and antiviral activity [31]

Ganoderic acid C

Anti-inflammatory (inhibition of TNF α) activity [35, 36, 67]

Ceanothic acid

Anticancer and antimicrobial activity [68, 69]

Asiatic acid

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihyperlipidemia activity [37, 70]

Azukisapogenol

Antibacterial and antifungal activity [71]

Liquiritic acid

Atheroprotective, anti-inflammatory activity [72, 73]

(3beta,19alpha)-3,19,23,24-Tetrahydroxy-12-oleanen-28-oic acid

A terpenoid showing similar chemical structure to arjunic acid and arjunin acid whose pharmacological activity is not known yet