Fig. 3

Summary of the production of HA. This figure provides an overview of the methods used to produce HA, including in vitro production, bacterial production, and extraction from animal tissues. The first method described is in vitro production, which involves using enzymes derived from Streptococcus pyogenes and Pasteurella multocida to synthesize HA in a controlled laboratory setting. This method allows for the production of HA with precise molecular weight and purity, making it ideal for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The second method described is bacterial production, which involves using various strains of bacteria, including Streptococci, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactococcus lactis, to produce HA. This method is relatively inexpensive and scalable, making it suitable for large-scale production of HA for commercial and industrial purposes. The third method described is an extraction from animal tissues, which involves isolating HA from various animal sources, including rooster comb, human umbilical cord, bovine synovial fluid, and vitreous humor of cattle. This method is less commonly used due to the challenges associated with obtaining HA from animal tissues, but it remains an essential source of HA for specific applications