Fig. 4

Schematic diagram illustrating the electrospun nanofibers and hydrogel scaffold composite for tissue engineering applications. The figure shows that electrospinning is used to fabricate nanofibers from a hyaluronic acid (HA) polymer, which is then cross-linked with 1 M NaOH and 0.5% CaCl2 to form a hydrogel scaffold. The resulting composite material provides a suitable substrate for cell proliferation and stretching, which can lead to the formation of functional tissue structures. The electrospun nanofibers provide a high surface area-to-volume ratio, facilitating cell adhesion and migration, while the hydrogel scaffold offers mechanical support and promotes cell proliferation. The composite material can also be further functionalized with growth factors or other bioactive molecules to enhance tissue regeneration [Figure generated using https://www.biorender.com/]