Table 1 Baseline characteristics of selected participants (n = 292)
Parameter | Sufficient (serum vitamin C > 0.6 mg/dL) | Insufficient (serum vitamin C 0.6 to 0.3 mg/dL) | Deficient (serum vitamin C < 0.3 mg/dL) |
|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients, n (%)# | 56 (19.17) a | 75 (25.68) a | 161 (55.13) b |
Male, n (%) | 32 (57.14) | 51 (68.00) | 91 (56.52) |
Female, n (%) | 24 (42.86) | 24 (32.00) | 70 (43.48) |
Age in years | 47.41 ± 4.51 | 49.15 ± 5.16 | 44.22 ± 8.14 |
Family history, n (%) | 21 (37.5) | 34 (45.33) | 104 (64.59) |
Duration of diabetes (years) mean ± SEM | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 2.6 ± 1.9 |
Qualification | |||
 Elementary school/no qualification, n (%) | 7 (12.5) | 8 (10.66) | 31 (19.25) |
 Secondary school, n (%) | 11 (19.64) | 21 (28.00) | 62 (38.50) |
 Graduate, n (%) | 20 (35.71) | 22 (29.33) | 50 (31.05) |
 Post graduate, n (%) | 18 (32.14) | 24 (32.00) | 18 (11.18) |
Smoking status | |||
 Smoker, n (%) | 14 (25.00) | 24 (32.00) | 47 (29.19) |
 Non-smoker, n (%) | 40 (71.42) | 46 (61.33) | 104 (64.59) |
 Previous smoking history, n (%) | 2 (03.57) | 5 (06.66) | 10 (06.21) |
BMI (kg/m2)* | 24.1 ± 1.5 a | 24.9 ± 1.6 a | 27.9 ± 1.1 b |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)* | 117.6 ± 11.2 a | 129.4 ± 10.5 b | 134.6 ± 7.1 b |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.3 ± 7.1 | 81.2 ± 5.4 | 89.6 ± 4.2 |