- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Bisflavonoids fraction from Araucaria bidwilli Hook., reverses hyperlipidemia induced atherosclerosis in high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia
Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences volume 6, Article number: 89 (2020)
Abstract
Background
Hyperlipidemia is a major cause for atherosclerosis which is a frontline cause for mortality in the world. Bisflavonoids are dimeric flavonoids abundant in few medicinal herbs with various pharmacological effects. However, in vivo anti-hyperlipidemic role of bisflavonoids (BFR) is limited. The present investigation is aimed to study BFR from the leaf extract of Araucaria bidwillii Hook. in rat model of hyperlipidemia.
Results
Administration of HFD was significantly (p < 0.0001) shown to increase total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TG) associated with decrease in HDL. BFR at two doses significantly decreased TC, LDL, and TG in HFD-fed rats. In addition, BFR significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased the MDA and significantly (p < 0.0001) increased the impaired anti-oxidant enzyme SOD and CAT in heart tissue induced by HFD. Further, 28 days administration of BFR significantly (p < 0.001) decreased HFD-induced aortic wall thickness.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that bisflavonoids from A. bidwillii Hook. leaf extract administered to high fat-fed rats showed beneficial anti-hyperlipidemic effect by reducing lipid profiles and protecting the heart tissue from oxidative stress.
Background
Hyperlipidemia is a condition in which there is an elevated level of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. It is a frontline major cause for atherosclerosis associated with morbidity and mortality in Asian countries [1]. Epidemiological studies have clearly emphasized that the significant role of circulation bad cholesterol including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is associated with atherosclerosis [2, 3]. Consumption of high-fat diets, living sedentary lifestyle, and lack of exercise are important factors in the pathogenesis and progression of coronary artery disease [4]. Medicinal plant extracts and their bioactive constituents have been shown to possess various biological effects. In particular, polyphenolic phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and flavones have been shown to possess anti-hyperlipidemia potential in in vitro and in vivo experiments [5,6,7]. In particular, mono-flavonoids from plant extracts have been shown to inhibit oxidation of LDL and reduce triglyceride level in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia [8, 9]. The anti-atherogenic effect of mono-flavonoids such as quercetin, resveratrol, and naringenin has shown the reduction of atherosclerotic plaques in rodent model of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis [10,11,12]. On the contrary, bisflavanoids are dimeric species of flavonoids which occur quite abundantly in some plant species. For example, the genus Hypericum contains amentoflavone which is known for various pharmacological properties [13]. The plant genus Araucaria belongs to the Araucariaceae family and traditionally has been used for amenorrhea [14]. It has a rich source of bisflavanoids which have been isolated and characterized earlier [15, 16]. The leaf extract of Araucaria bidwillii Hook. has been shown to possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect [17] and cytotoxic effect against various cancer cell lines [18]. Our previous investigation on bisflavonoids separated from the ethyl acetate fraction has shown neuroprotective effect through anti-oxidant mechanism in rat model of oxidative stress [19]. There is no investigation regarding anti-hyperlipidemic effect of bisflavanoids from Araucaria bidwillii Hook. leaves which have been reported. Therefore, the evaluation of anti-hyperlipidemic potential of bisflavonoids fraction may have a value-added biological effect and it may have a source for natural anti-hyperlipidemic and nutraceutical. This present investigation was aimed to investigate the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of bisflavonoids separated from the plant Araucaria bidwillii Hook., in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats.
Methods
Chemicals
Adrenaline bitartrate, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and atorvastatin were from Sigma-Aldrich Co., MO, USA. Cholesterol and egg yolk powder were purchased from Hi Media Laboratories, Mumbai. The organic solvents, chemicals, and reagents were purchased from HIMEDIA, Mumbai.
Plant collection and authentication
Fresh Araucaria bidwillii Hook. leaves were collected and authenticated from Government Botanical Garden, Udhagamandalam, India. It was authenticated by Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. A voucher specimen (VCP/PCOL/2008-02) of this plant material has been retained in our school for further reference.
Extraction of Araucaria bidwillii leaves
The shed dried leaves weighing around 1 kg were coarsely powdered and macerated with 95% v/v of ethanol. The extract was evaporated by rotary vacuum evaporator and freeze-dried. Percentage yield of the alcoholic extract was found to be 25.5% w/w.
Separation of bisflavanoids’ fraction
The separation of bisflavanoids (BFR) was carried out by previously described method [15, 16]. The resultant alcoholic extract was successively reflexing with hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate until the appearance of colorless solvents. The resultant residue was washed with boiling water, and the final insoluble yellow residue was dissolved in ethanol which showed confirmative test for flavonoids.
Isolation of bisflavonoids by column chromatography
The concentrated bisflavonoids’ fraction (1 g) was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel column and eluted with gradients of n-hexane and ethyl EtOAc system with increasing proportion to get 72 fractions. Fraction 26-45 with similar Rf value were labelled as fraction A and its was evoparated under pressure to obtain compound 1. Fractions 50–63 with similar Rf value were labeled as fraction B which was evaporated which yield compound 2 (33 mg). The spectral data of compounds 1 and 2 were compared with published literature [15, 16].
Preparation of high-fat diet and induction of atherosclerosis in rats
The modified high-fat diet was freshly prepared as per the method [20]. The diet contains wheat powder (50 g/100 g), yellow corn (10 g/100 g), barley powder (1 g/100 g), skimmed milk power (20 g/100 g), calcium chloride (4 g/100 g), salt (1 g/100 g), oil (7 g/100 g), egg yolk powder (6 g/100 g), and vitamin B12 (1 g/100 g). Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats about 150–200 g were divided into five groups. Group I rats were the control group and were fed with normal pellet chow ad libitum. Group II rats were fed with HFD. Group III rats were fed with HFD and BFR 100 mg/kg per oral route. Group IV rats were fed with high-fat diet and BFR 200 mg/kg per oral route. The two doses of BFR (100 and 200 mg/kg) were chosen based on our previous per oral toxicity studies and the effect of BFR in rat model of oxidative stress model [19]. Group V rats were fed with high-fat diet and atorvastatin 5 mg/kg per oral route. The high-fat diet and drugs were administered for 28 days ad libitum. Experiments on animals were performed based on animal ethics guidelines of IAEC (290/CPCSEA/12.12.2000/PH07).
Body weight measurement
The body weight of the rats was measured on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day using animal weighing scale.
Biochemical estimation
At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed by carbon dioxide euthanasia, 2 ml blood was collected from cardiac puncture, and serum was separated and assayed for lipid profile using standard biochemical (Randox Laboratory) assay kit.
Measurement of oxidative stress and anti-oxidant markers
Rat heart was collected for estimation of oxidative stress enzymes and anti-oxidants. Rat heart was homogenized with RIPA buffer (50 mM pH 7.8). The homogenate was divided into two equal volumes. The first volume of the homogenate was centrifuged at 1000 rpm (REMI CM-12) at 4 °C, and the supernatant was divided into two equal volumes. The first portion of the supernatant was used for malonaldehyde assay. The remaining supernatant was used for anti-oxidant marker assay after centrifuging at 12,000 rpm (REMI CM-12) at 4 °C for 15 min. Protein was assayed by established method [21].
Assay of malonaldehyde
Malonaldehyde (MDA) was measured by already established method [22]. 0.1 ml of tissue homogenate was mixed with 20% acetic acid (1.5 ml), thiobarbituric acid, and sodium dodecyl sulphate (0.2 ml). It was heated at 100 °C for 60 min and cooled. Further, it was mixed with n-butanol-pyridine-water mixture and centrifuged. The organic layer was withdrawn, and absorbance was measured at 532 nm.
Assay of superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assayed by standard protocol [23]. Sodium carbonate (2.8 ml of 0.05 mM buffer), 100 μl of EDTA, and 20 μl of tissue homogenate were incubated at 30 °C for 45 min. Adrenaline (100 μl) was added, and absorbance was read at 480 nm for 8–12 min.
Assay of catalase
Catalase (CAT) assay, 2.25 ml of phosphate buffer (65 mM), and 100 μl of homogenate were incubated at 25 °C for 30 min. 0.650 ml of hydrogen peroxide was mixed with homogenate, and the absorption was read at 240 nm [24].
Histology of aorta
At the end of the experiment, about 1 cm of rat aorta was transferred into buffer neutral formalin. The tissue was fixed for 24 h and dehydrated with gradient alcohol, made transparent with xylene solution. The tissue was blocked with paraffin, and sections of 5–10 μm thickness were prepared. The sections were then dewaxed with xylene, sequentially exposed to high-to-low concentration of alcohol, washed with distilled water, hematoxylin and eosin stained, dehydrated, made transparent, and fixed. The aortic wall thickness was observed under a microscope [25].
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Data in each group were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (body weight parameter) as well as one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis—Tukey’s multiple comparison test using GraphPad Prism statistical software, USA. p < 0.05 is considered as statistically significant.
Results
Phytochemical analysis of bisflavonoids
The TLC of the bisflavonoids’ crude fraction was carried out using toluene–ethyl acetate–formic acid (4:5:1) (Fig. 1). The TLC plate was developed with natural product-polyethylene glycol reagent. The results from TLC plate for BFR revealed the presence of various spots with different Rf values. The Rf values (0.16 to 0.61) were compared with the earlier literature reported with various bisflavonoids [19]. The spectral data of compound 1 (methylcupressuflavone) is yellow crystalline powder with m/z which was 570.52 (M, 100). IR: 3247.23, 2948.17, 2802.22, 1792.45, 1673.34, 1600.71–1720.31, 1282.63, 1158.62, 917.54, and 724.33. NMR: 13.40–13.24 (2H, s), 9.22–9.51 (H, d), 7.53–7.63 (2H, q), 6.83–6.89 (2H, t), 6.74–6.53 (H, m), 3.33–3.95 (H, m), and 2.15–2.91 (m, benzylic CH). Compound 2 (tetrahydroamentoflavone) is pale yellow amorphous powder with m/z 542.41 (M, 100%). IR: 3275.61, 2902.32, 1880.62, 1603.29–1880.62, 1251.14, 1158.68, 1158.69, and 741.64. NMR: 12.38–12.17 (H, s), 10.80 (H, s), 7.33–7.35 (2H, d), 7.20–7.32 (2H, d), 6.82–6.85 (2H, d), 5.88 (H, s), 3.91-4.06 (H, m), and 3.11–3.36 (m, benzylic CH).
Effect of ATSN and BFR on body weight
Effect of ATSN and BFR on body weight and lipid profile of the normal diet- and high-fat diet-treated rats is shown in Figs. 2 and 3a–d. HFD administration did not affect the body weight significantly. However, reduced body weight was observed in the BFR (200 mg/kg)-treated HFD group at 21st (p < 0.01) and 28th (p < 0.001) days.
Effect of ATSN and BFR on lipid profile
High-fat diet administration had significantly (p < 0.01) increased the total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) level indicating hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in rats compared with normal TC and TG level in the control group (Fig. 3a, b). Anti-hyperlipidemic effect was observed in the HFD and BFR treatment group as evidenced by significant decrease (p < 0.05) in TC, TG, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level compared with the high-fat diet-treated group. The effect of BFR in decreasing elevated lipid profile was dose dependent (Fig. 3a–c).
In addition, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in high-fat diet-fed rats than the normal diet-fed control group. BFR administration at the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) increased the HDL level as compared with HFD-fed rats. ASTN administration also showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect on lipid profiles in decreasing TC, TG, and LDL and (p < 0.01) increasing HDL of the high-fat diet-given rats compared with the high fat-treated control group (Fig. 3d).
Effect of ATSN and BFR on MDA and anti-oxidant enzymes
Effect of ATSN and BFR on MDA level in the heart of HFD-fed rats is shown in Figs. 4, 5, and 6. High-fat diet administration had significantly (p < 0.0001) elevated the rat heart MDA level pointing oxidative stress due hyperlipidemia. BFR significantly reversed (p < 0.001) the elevated MDA level in the HFD-treated group compared with the normal diet-treated group. Likewise, ATSN at the dose of 5 mg/kg has shown a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in MDA level as compared with the high fat-treated control group. As shown in Fig. 5, significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased SOD level was observed in high-fat diet-administered rats. BFR administration significantly (p < 0.001) elevated the anti-oxidant SOD level; the anti-oxidant effect of BFR was dose dependent. In addition, ATSN (p < 0.001) for 28 days to HFD-fed rats showed a significant increase in SOD level compared with the high fat-treated control group. Likewise, rats that were ingested with high-fat meal showed a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in catalase compared with the control group treated rats fed with normal diet. Administration of ATSN and BFR significantly (p < 0.0001) increased the CAT level compared with high-fat diet rat fed CAT level.
Histopathological examination of rat aorta
Histopathological examination of high fat-fed rat aorta showed the accumulation of atheromatous plaque in subendothelial portion of the aorta as compared to normal diet-fed rat aorta (Fig. 7). There is a significant increase in aortic thickness (p < 0.0001) in the HFD-treated group (Fig. 8b) when compared with the normal feed-fed group (Fig. 8a). Administration of BFR at 200 mg (Fig. 8d) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the high-fat diet-induced aortic thickness when compared with the high-fat diet-fed rat group (Fig. 8b).
Discussion
Herbal extracts with various bioactive phytoconstituents have been shown to exert beneficial role in reversing hyperlipidemia-induced oxidative stress [26]. Consumption of high-fat diet can cause hyperlipidemia which is a common cause for atherosclerosis, and prevalence of atherosclerosis in young adults has been increased in developing countries [27]. The A. bidwilli Hook. leaf extract has been used traditionally for various illnesses associated with oxidative stress. Our previous work on comparative free radical scavenging ability and in vivo neuroprotective effect of bisflavonoid-rich fraction in rat model of oxidative stress confirmed the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of the fraction. This prompted us to investigate the effect of crude bisflavonoids’ fraction in experimentally induced hyperlipidemia. In this study, rats fed with atherogenic diet for 4 weeks continuously resulted in impaired lipid profile. This is due to altered transport and metabolism of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the rat plasma. It has been shown by various authors that the replacement of normal diet with high-fat diet to rats develops hyperlipidemia [28, 29]. On the other hand, atheromatous plaque deposition in the rat aorta is due to supplementation of atherogenic diet continuously for 4 weeks and altered blood lipoprotein profiles. Previous studies have shown that significant increase in body fat composition in rats was associated with high-fat diet consumption in rats [30, 31]. However, our results showed that high fat did not affect the body weight through the entire period of high-fat diet administration. This insignificant body weight change may be due to duration of high-fat diet administration. Interestingly, the BFR-treated group had shown decreased body weight at the 21st and 28th day which suggests the possible interaction of BFR in exogenous absorption, transport, and storage of excess cholesterol and free fatty acids derived from atherogenic diet.
It is well known that plant-derived bioflavonoids with special reference to mono-flavonoids and flavones exhibit anti-hyperlipidemic effect in in vivo and in vitro model, and the beneficial effect of flavonoids on cholesterol transport, LDL, and HDL metabolism has been reviewed recently [32]. The mono-flavones like hesperetin and naringenin have been shown to affect cholesterol metabolism by inhibiting endogenous pathway by affecting hepatic production of apo B containing VLDL and LDL in vitro [33,34,35] and in vivo [36]. In another study, catechins have been shown to facilitate the LDL receptor binding activity in HepG2 cell lines through upregulation of sterol regulated element binding protein (SREBP-1) [37]. It has been reported that mono-flavonoids from various medicinal plants affect the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in muscle and adipose tissue of mice and thereby inhibit the conversion and deposition of triglycerides in tissues [38, 39]. The bisflavanoids of Garcinia kola seed namely kolavarin A and B showed hypolipidemic effect in the experimental rat model of hyperlipidemia [40, 41]. The observed anti-hyperlipidemic potential of bisflavonoids’ (BFR) fraction may be attributed to reduce the lipid absorption from intestine or increase the hepatic metabolism and clearance of lipoproteins.
It is well known that increase in blood cholesterol and triglycerides can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) [42]. Further, increased LDL-C is associated with oxidative modification of LDL, overproduction of lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress [43]. Increased MDA and decreased anti-oxidant enzymes in rat heart confirm the oxidative stress, and this impaired anti-oxidant defense was remarkably reversed by BFR which may be attributed to direct scavenging of lipid peroxidation product. The anti-lipid peroxidation mechanism of flavonol through glycoside linkage [44] and interaction of aglycone moiety [45, 46] have been reported. The impaired anti-oxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT were corrected by BFR suggesting in vivo anti-oxidant enhancing capacity of BFR in high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress. This in vivo anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant effect was aligned with the neuroprotective potential of BFR in the rat brain following bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the histopathological investigation of rat aorta showed that attenuation of atheromatous plaque deposition in high-fat diet-fed rats suggests anti-atherogenic effect. Results from our study showed that the per oral administration bisflavonoids’ fraction from A. bidwilli Hook. leaf extract had reversed the atherogenic diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in rats. This effect was associated with attenuation of oxidative stress and atherosclerosis by decreased deposition of atheromatous plaque in rat aorta and increased anti-oxidant profiles in the plasma. The anti-hyperlipidemic effect of BFR is may be due to its putative role in exogenous transport of the dietary lipids and inhibition of LDL oxidation and anti-oxidant effect in in vivo.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that bisflavonoids’ fraction from A. bidwillii Hook. leaf extract administered to high fat-fed rats showed anti-hyperlipidemic effect by reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL level and protecting the heart tissue from oxidative stress.
Availability of data and materials
(a) Data and material are available upon request. (b) The plant was collected from the Government Botanical Garden and authenticated by a field botanist. The plant authentication number was VCP/PCOL/2008-02.
Abbreviations
- BFR:
-
Bisflavonoids
- HDF:
-
High-fat diet
- TC:
-
Total cholesterol
- LDL:
-
Low-density lipoprotein
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- TBA:
-
Thiobarbituric acid
- ATSN:
-
Atorvastatin
References
Ranasinghe P, Mathangasinghe Y, Jayawardena R, Hills AP, Misra A (2017) Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome among adults in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review. BMC Pub Heal 17:101–109
Sharrett AR, Ballantyne CM, Coady SA, Heiss G, Sorlie PD, Catellier D, Patsch W (2001) Coronary heart disease prediction from lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, and HDL density subfractions. The atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 104:1108–1113
Assmann G, Schulte H, Von Eckardstein A (1996) Hypertriglyceridemia and elevated lipoprotein (a) are risk factors for major coronary events in middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol 77:1179–1184
Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S (2001) Global burden of cardiovascular diseases part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 104:2746–2753
Zheng X, Zhang L, Wang W, Wu Y, Zhang Q, Feng W (2011) Anti-diabetic activity and potential mechanism of total flavonoids of Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring in rats induced by high fat diet and low dose STZ. J Ethno Pharmacol 137(1):662–668
Feng L, Yu C, Ying K, Hua J, Dai X (2011) Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of total flavonoids of Perilla Frutescens leaves in hyperlipidemia rats induced by high-fat diet. Food Res Inter 44(1):404–409
Kandouli C, Cassien M, Mercier A, Delehedde C, Ricquebourg E, Stocker P, Mekaouche M, Leulmi Z, Mechakra A, Thétiot-Laurent S, Culcasi M, Pietri S (2017) Antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of water and n-butanol soluble extracts from Saharian Anvillea radiata in high-fat-diet fed mice. J Ethnopharmacol 207:251–267
Chen CY, Milbury PE, Chung SK, Blumberg J (2007) Effect of almond skin polyphenolics and quercetin on human LDL and apolipoprotein B-100 oxidation and conformation. J Nutr Biochem 18(12):785–794
Rahman MA, Abdullah N, Aminudin N (2015) Antioxidative effects and inhibition of human low density lipoprotein oxidation in-vitro of polyphenolic compounds in Flammulina velutipes (Golden Needle Mushroom). Oxid Med Cell Longev:403023 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/403023
Stefania J, Jerzy W, Krzysztof M, Mariola M, Monika B, Lidia W, Barbara G, Marek D (2005) Effect of quercetin on experimental hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits. Pharmacol Rep 57:604–609
Berrougui H, Grenier G, Loued S, Drouin G, Khalil A (2009) A new insight into resveratrol as an atheroprotective compound: inhibition of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of cholesterol efflux. Atherosclerosis 207:420–427
Mulvihill EE, Assini JM, Sutherland BG et al (2010) Naringenin decreases progression of atherosclerosis by improving dyslipidemia in high-fat-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30:742–748
Norhrstedt A, Butterweck V (1997) Biologically active and other chemical constituents of the herb of Hypercom perforaturm L. Pharmacopsychiatry 30 (Supp) 129 -134.
Aslam MS, Choudhry BA, Uzair M, Ijaz AS (2013) Phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review of the genus Araucaria - review. Trop J Pharm Res 12:651–659
Khan NU, Ilyas M, Rahman W, Mashima T, Okigawa M, Ka-Wano N (1972) Biflavones from the leaves of Araucaria bidwillii Hook and Agathis alba foxworthy (Araucariaceae). Tetrahedron 28:5695–5698
Rahman W, Bhatnagar SP (1968) A new biflavonyl AC3 from Araucaria cunninghamii. Tetrahedron Lett. 9(6):675–678
Nazeer Ahamed KFH, Kumar V, Raja S, Mukherjee K, Rajan S, Mukherjee PK (2005) Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Araucaria bidwillii Hook. Iran J Pharmacol Ther 4:105–109
Nazeer Ahamed KFH, Kumar V, Manikandan L, Wahile AM, Mukherjee K, Saha BP, Mukherjee PK (2005) Brine shrimp lethality and cytotoxicity assay of Araucaria bidwillii Hook, in human carcinoma cell lines. Ori Pharm Exp Med 5(1):21–28
Mukherjee PK, Nazeer Ahamed KFH, Kumar V, Mukherjee K, Houghton PJ (2007) Protective effect of biflavones from Araucaria bidwillii Hook in rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative stress. Behav Brain Res 178(2):221–228
Devi R, Sharma DK (2004) Hypolipidemic effect of different extracts of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp in normal and high-fat diet fed rats. J Ethnopharmacol 90(1):63–68
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:256–275
Okhawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Ann Biochem 95:351–358
Saggu H, Cookey J, Dexter DA (1989) A selective increase in particulate superoxide dismutase activity in Parkinsonism. J Neurochem 53:629–697
Beer RF, Seizer TW (1952) A spectrophotometric method for measuring breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J Bio Chem 195:276–287
Venegas-Pino DE, Banko N, Khan MI, Shi Y, Werstuck GH (2013) Quantitative analysis and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in the murine aortic sinus. J Vis Exp 82:50933
Mario K, Ton B, Stephan G (2013) The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease. European J Nut 52(1):1–24
Bahmani M, Mirhoseini M, Shizad H, Sedighi M, Shahinfard N, Rafieian-Kopaei M (2015) A review on promising natural agents effective on hyperlipidemia. J Evid based Complementary Altern Med 20(3):228–238
Ghasi S, Wobodo EN, Oofili J (2000) Hypocholesterolemic effects of crude extract of leaf of Moringa oleifera Lam in high-fat diet fed wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol 69(1):21–25
Vijaimohan K, Mallika Jainu KE, Sabitha S, Subramaniyam C, Anandhan CS, Devi S (2006) Beneficial effects of alpha linolenic acid rich flaxseed oil on growth performance and hepatic cholesterol metabolism in high fat diet fed rats. Life Sci 79:448–454
Choo JJ (2003) Green tea reduces body fat accretion caused by high-fat diet in rats through beta-adrenoceptor activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. J Nutr Biochem 14:671–676
Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Rushing PA, D’Alessio D, Tso P (2003) A controlled high-fat diet induces an obese syndrome in rats. J Nutr 133:1081–1087
Millar CL, Duclos Q, Blesso CN (2017) Effects of dietary flavonoids on reverse cholesterol transport, HDL metabolism, and HDL function. Advances in Nutrition: An Intl Rev J 8(2):226–239
Ebada SS, Talaat AN, Labib RM, Mandi A, Kurtan T, Müller WEG, Singab AN, Proksch P (2017) Cytotoxic labdane diterpenes and bisflavonoid atropisomers from leaves of Araucaria bidwillii. Tetrahedron 73:3048–3055
Wilcox LJ, Borradaile NM, de Dreu LE, Huff MW (2001) Secretion of hepatocyte apoB is inhibited by the flavonoids, naringenin and hesperetin, via reduced activity and expression of ACAT2 and MTP. J Lipid Res 42(5):725–734
Kurowska EM, Manthey JA, Casaschi A, Theriault AJ (2004) Modulation of HepG2 cell net apolipoprotein B secretion by the citrus polymethoxyflavone, tangeretin. Lipids 39(2):143–151
Whitman SC, Hazen SL, Miller DB, Hegele RA, Heinecke JW, Huff MW (1999) Modification of type m VLDL, their remnants, and VLDL from ApoE-knockout mice by p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a product of myeloperoxidase activity, causes marked cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19(5):1238–1249
Bursill C, Roach PD, Cynthia DK, Bottema CDK, Pal S (2001) Green tea upregulates the low-density lipoprotein receptor through the sterol-regulated element binding protein in HepG2 liver cells. J Agric Food Chem 49(11):5639–5645
Fan C, Yan J, Qian Y, Wo X, Gao L (2006) Regulation of lipoprotein lipase expression by effect of hawthorn flavonoids on peroxisome proliferator response element pathway. J Pharmacol Sci 100:51–58
Pak-Dek MS, Abdul-Hamid A, Osman A, Soh CS (2008) Inhibitory effect of Morinda Citrifolia L. on lipoprotein lipase activity. J Food Sci 73(8):C595–C598
Adaramoye OA, Nwaneri VO, Anyanwu KC, Farombi EO, Emerole GO (2005) Possible anti-atherogenic effect of kolaviron (a Garcinia kola seed extract) in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Clin and Exp Pharmacol Physiol 32(1-2):40–46
Adejor EB, Ameh DA, James DB, Owolabi OA, Ndidi US (2016) Effects of Garcinia kola biflavonoid fractions on serum lipid profile and kidney function parameters in hyperlipidemic rats. Clin Phytosci 2:19
Ohara Y, Peterson TE, Harrison DG (1993) Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production. J Clin Inves 91:2546–2551
Liu SX, Hou FF, Guo ZJ, Nagai R, Zhang WR, Liu ZQ, Zhou ZM, Zhou M, Xie D, Wang GB, Zhang X (2006) Advanced oxidation protein products accelerate atherosclerosis through promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:1156–1162
Ratty AK, Das NP (1988) Effects of flavonoids on nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation: structure-activity relationship and this effect may be attributed to reducing plasma LDL level and thus it might decrease the LDL oxidation. Biochem Med Metabol Biol 39(1):69–79
Sugihara N, Arakawa T, Ohnishi M, Furuno K (1999) Anti- and pro-oxidative effects of flavonoids on metal-induced lipid hydroperoxide-dependent lipid peroxidation in cultured hepatocytes loaded with α-linolenic acid. Free Rad Biol Med 27(11-12):1313–1323
Nirmala S, Nazeer AH, Ravichandran V (2011) Comparative in-vitro study on the free radical scavenging capacity of tannins and biflavones fraction from ficus racemose Linn and Aruacaria bidwilli Hook. Int J Chemtech Res 3(3):1440–1445
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Vels College of Pharmacy for providing necessary laboratory support to carry out this project during his post-graduate study in pharmacy program.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
HNA and RS designed the idea and prepared the protocol for the work. RS performed the experimental work. IU carried out the histopathological interpretation. RS and HNA are responsible for the data analysis. All authors read and approved the manuscript for submission.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The preclinical in vivo experimental procedures on Sprague-Dawley rats were carried out after receiving institutional animal ethical committee approval. The approval number is as follows: 290/CPCSEA/12.12.2000/PH07.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that there is no competing interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Siddiqui, R., Ahamed, H.N. & Yusuff, I. Bisflavonoids fraction from Araucaria bidwilli Hook., reverses hyperlipidemia induced atherosclerosis in high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia. Futur J Pharm Sci 6, 89 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00109-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00109-y