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Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Characterization and toxicity evaluation of degradation products of febantel

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences volume 6, Article number: 127 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The aim of the present work was to determine potential toxicity of degradation products of febantel generated under different stress conditions mentioned in guideline Q1A (R2) laid down by International Council for Harmonization (ICH). The stability behavior of febantel was studied by subjecting it to hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal forced degradation conditions.

Results

Five degradation products (DPs) were observed which were resolved using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by LC-MS/MS using positive mode of electrospray ionization. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Hypersil® BDS C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column. Optimum resolution was obtained using ammonium formate buffer (10 mM, pH 3.5) and acetonitrile programmed in gradient elution mode at 281.0 nm using photodiode array detector.

Conclusion

The drug was found susceptible to degradation under all the stress conditions except thermal and oxidative stress. Five major unknown degradation products DP–I, DP–II, DP–III, DP–IV, and DP–V generated under photolytic, alkali, and acidic stress condition were identified and characterized by LC-MS/MS. The drug and identified degradation products were screened for prediction of in-silico toxicity using software viz. Swiss ADME, OSIRIS Property Explorer and Pro Tox II which indicated overall no toxicological concerns.

Graphical abstract

Background

Febantel is a broad spectrum veterinary anthelmintic. It is chemically designated as 2′-(2,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)guanidino)-5′-phenylthio-2-methoxyacetanilide, and is active against wide range of gastrointestinal parasites in ruminants. It belongs to chemical class of benzimidazole (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Structure of febantel

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It is official in Indian Pharmacopoeia [1] and European Pharmacopoeia [2]. It is also included in Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference [3]. Febantel is a pro-drug; after oral administration, it gets transformed into active metabolite fenbendazole by hydrolytic removal of methoxy acetyl group and subsequent cyclization; febantel is also called as probenzimidazole [4, 5].

The metabolic pathway of febantel shows that it gets converted directly to either fenbendazole or oxfendazole, which is achieved via febantel sulfoxide as an intermediate [6]. Febendazole, fenbendazole sulfone, oxfendazole, and oxfendazole sulfone are the main metabolites of febantel [7]. Generally, febantel is administered in combination with other benzimidazoles viz. pyrantel and praziquantel. Many analytical and bioanalytical methods have been reported in literature for determination of febantel alone or in combination with other benzimidazoles. Literature shows few HPLC methods for quantification of febantel from veterinary preparations [8, 9], feeds [10]. There are liquid chromatographic methods for determination of febantel in biological matrices [11,12,13,14,15] and fate of anthelmintics in environment [16, 17]. Various assay methods are also available based on determination by LC and GC-MS [18], HPLC-MS/MS [19,20,21], UV spectrophotometry [22, 23], IR, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy [24, 25]. Little information is available on study involving photodegradation [26, 27] and biodegradation [28] of febantel.

Anthelmintics like febantel are widely used in animals; most of the time, the drug gets excreted unchanged in urine as well as feces and gets contaminated in water, soil, and biota. Later, these drugs undergo bio, chemical, and photodegradation which leads to formation of different products. Babic et al. in 2018 studied abiotic elimination processes of hydrolysis, photolysis, sorption of febantel, and its aquatic toxicity against luminescence bacteria Vibrio fischeri. They identified fenbendazole and fenbendazole sulfone as major degradation products by using high-resolution mass spectroscopy. They also evaluated aquatic toxicity of febantel and its hydrolytic mixture toward the luminescence bacteria Vibrio fischeri [17]. Such few reports are published related to anthelmintics, their metabolic transformation, and related toxicity, but there are no reports available where febantel is subjected to ICH recommended stress conditions for mimicking environmental stress conditions and where potential toxicity of degradation products is determined. Hence, the present work is addressed considering toxicological concern. Such studies are needed to develop stability indicating analytical method for analysis of stability samples and establishing shelf life. Here, we report identification of few previously unreported degradation products and their toxicity data.

Methods

Chemicals and reagents

Febantel pure drug was obtained as a gift from Veritas India Ltd. along with certificate of analysis. HPLC grade acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (CH3OH), and formic acid (HCOOH) were purchased from Merck, Mumbai, India and Research Lab, Mumbai, India respectively. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ammonium formate (NH4HCO2), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Qualigens Fine Chemicals Mahape, India, and all were of analytical reagent (AR) grade. Hydrogen peroxide (30%) was purchased from S. D. Fine Chemical Ltd, Mumbai, India. HPLC grade water was obtained from in house all glass double distillation assembly (Lab Sil Instrument, Bangalore, India).

Instrumentation

A constant temperature water bath (Intex, FRNW-326) was used for carrying out all degradation studies. For solid state thermal stress studies, a hot air oven (250BSS Pathak, Mumbai, India) was used. Photostability chamber from Newtronics Lifecare Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India was employed for ICH recommended light exposure studies. Electronic balance (CB-50 Contech, Navi Mumbai, India) was used for weighing. High-performance liquid chromatography system SPD-M20A from Shimadzu Kyoto, Japan, system having binary pump (LC-20AD), on-line degasser, 20 μL injection loop, prominence diode array detector (DAD), and LC solution software on DELL computer. LC-MS/MS studies were performed using Surveyor Plus HPLC System with LCQ Fleet and TSQ Quantum Access mass spectrometer from Thermo Fisher Scientific (San Jose, CA, USA). MS spectra were generated in positive mode using electrospray ionization (+ ESI) in the range of 100–1000 m/z.

Chromatographic separation was performed on Hypersil® BDS C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column employing mixture of ammonium formate buffer (10 mM, pH 3.5) and acetonitrile as mobile phase. Elution was carried out in linear gradient mode and flow rate was 1.0 mL min−1. Detection was carried out at 281.0 nm using photodiode array detector.

The pH meter from Controlled Dynamics, Vadodara, Gujarat, India and sonicator from Spectralab UCB 30, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India were used for pH adjustment and sonication respectively.

Stress studies

The stability of febantel was determined as per guidance given under ICH Q 1A (R2) [29] in order to mimic effect of variety of environmental factors on stability of febantel. The drug was subjected to various stress conditions like hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, and dry heat in order to degrade the drug to 15–20%. PDA detector was set at wavelength of 281.0 nm. The degradation products were subjected to LC-MS/MS for characterization.

A stock solution (1000 μg mL−1) of febantel was prepared using HPLC grade acetonitrile to carry out hydrolytic, oxidative, and photolytic degradation; the drug as such was subjected for thermal degradation by placing appropriate amount of drug in sealed ampoule.

Hydrolytic degradation was carried out separately in acidic, basic, and neutral conditions. Degradation samples were prepared by mixing 1 mL of stock solution of drug having concentration 1000 μg mL−1 with 1 mL of stressor (0.1 N HCl, 0.1 N NaOH and water) in a separate 10 mL volumetric flask. After exposure of 2.5 h, acidic and alkaline stress samples were neutralized using either 0.1 N HCl or 0.1 N NaOH whichever needed. Finally, volume was made up to 10 mL with the diluent and injected in stabilized HPLC system.

For oxidative degradation with hydrogen peroxide, 1 mL from the stock solution of strength 1000 μg mL−1 was mixed with 1 mL each of 15, 20, and 30% hydrogen peroxide in separate 10 mL volumetric flasks. Upon exposure of 24 h, volume was made up to 10 mL with the diluent and injected in stabilized HPLC system.

In case of thermal degradation, 10 mg of febantel in sealed glass ampoules was kept in hot air oven at temperature 70 °C for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. A control was also maintained at room temperature without exposure to heat.

During photo degradation, solid drug kept in petri dish and solution of drug having concentration 100 μg mL−1 kept in 10 mL volumetric flask was exposed to ICH recommended dose [30] of light in photo stability chamber (overall illumination of not less than 1.2 million lux hours and an integrated near ultraviolet energy not less than 200 Watt hours/square meter) up to 4 days. In the same way, control was also maintained by wrapping samples in aluminum foil. After respective dilutions, solutions were subjected to HPLC analysis. Optimized stress conditions are provided in Table 1.

Table 1 Optimized stress conditions for degradation of febantel
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Preparation of samples for HPLC analysis

The stock solution of febantel was prepared by initially dissolving 100 mg of febantel in 25 mL acetonitrile in a 100 mL capacity volumetric flask. After complete dissolution of drug, volume was made up to the mark with acetonitrile to obtain concentration of 1000 μg mL−1.

The diluent was prepared by mixing acetonitrile with ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.5, adjusted using formic acid; 0.01 M) in the ratio 50:50 (v/v).

Samples which were exposed to hydrolytic stress, oxidation, and photolysis in solution state were all diluted up to the mark of 10 mL with the above-mentioned diluent to achieve predecided concentration (100 μg mL−1) of febantel. While samples exposed in solid state to photolytic and thermal stress conditions were weighed and diluted appropriately with the diluent to get 100 μg mL-−1 concentration of febantel.

HPLC method development

Febantel has a pKa value of 5.81 and majority of the reported HPLC methods are developed using C 18 column and mixtures of methanol and/or ACN in combination along with buffers maintained at the pH 3 or 7. In present study, efforts were made to develop simple HPLC method by using combination of acetonitrile and ammonium format buffer (10 mM, pH adjusted to 3.5 with formic acid) as mobile phase. Various attempts were made to achieve better separation among degradation products and between drug and degradation products using Thermo BDS HYPERSIL C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm id, 5 μm) column as stationary phase. The detection was carried out at 281.0 nm at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. At the beginning, individual stressed samples were subjected to HPLC analysis followed by analysis of their mixture. Equal amount of each degradation sample (1 mL) generated during various stress conditions was mixed to produce degradation mixture (DM) and was subjected to analysis by the developed RP-HPLC method. Accordingly, method was optimized further to obtain better separation of all peaks from each other and from peak of the drug (see electronic Supplementary material Figures S1–S9).

HPLC method validation

Validation of optimized HPLC method was carried out with respect to parameters recommended under ICH Q2 (R1) guideline [31].

Specificity and selectivity

The specificity of the method was determined through establishment of resolution factor among the peaks of the degradation products and between drug peak and nearest resolving peaks. Selectivity was proved through peak purity values obtained from PDA detector.

Linearity and range

Linearity of the method was established by preparing a calibration curve. Stock solution of drug was diluted with diluent to obtain six concentrations in the range of 50–500 μg mL−1. Each of these concentrations were injected in triplicate into the HPLC using 20 μL injection loop. The peak area versus concentration was plotted to construct calibration plot and the correlation coefficient was calculated.

Precision

Intra-day and inter-day precision of the method was established by making triplicate injections of three samples prepared at three different concentration levels, i.e., 200, 300, and 400 μg mL−1 on same day and on different days. Standard deviation and relative standard deviation (% RSD) were calculated in intra-day as well as inter-day precision studies.

Accuracy

Accuracy of the presented method was assessed through standard addition approach. Known concentrations (in triplicate) of the drug at three levels 200, 300, and 400 μg mL−1 were spiked separately into mixture of degradation products and then percent recovery of the added drug was calculated.

LC-MS studies on drug and degradation products

The mass spectra of the drug and degradation products were recorded in positive as well as negative mode using electrospray ionization (ESI) in the mass range 100 to 1000 m/z. For optimized MS parameters, see Electronic Supplementary material Table S1. The drug solution of concentration 10 μg mL−1 (in acetonitrile) was directly injected via syringe pump into mass spectrometer. The instrument parameters were adjusted to first to locate molecular ion peak and afterwards to obtain fragmentation of the drug.

Later, the mixture of degradation samples was subjected to LC-MS and LC-MS/MS studies using optimized parameters which were used for the drug. Molecular mass of five major degradation products were recorded and subjected to mass fragmentation to elucidate chemical structure.

In-silico toxicity studies

The drug and five major degradation products (DP–I, DP–II, DP–III, DP–IV, and DP–V) formed under photolytic and hydrolytic (acid, alkali) stress conditions were subjected for in-silico ADME and toxicity predications using different models viz. Swiss ADME, OSIRIS Property Explorer, and Pro Tox II Predictions to ascertain their potential toxicity.

Results

Degradation behavior

The degradation behavior of febantel can be understood from the chromatogram shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Chromatogram showing separation of febantel and its degradation products (DP I, II, III, IV, and V in order of elution)

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Development and optimization of stability indicating assay method (SIAM)

Optimum resolution separation was obtained by using mixture of acetonitrile (A) and 10 mM ammonium formate buffer solution (B) (pH adjusted to 3.5 by using formic acid) in linear gradient mode (Tmin/A: B; T0.01/35:65; T15/45:55; T26/60:40; T32/35:65) with flow rate 1.0 mL/min. The result is depicted in Fig. 2. All degradation products were well resolved from adjacent peaks.

Validation of developed stability indicating method

Specificity and selectivity

For every degradation condition, appropriate blank subjected to stress condition was kept and analyzed by HPLC. No interference was observed from blank at the retention time of drug as well as degradation products. The purity of peaks of degradation products and drug peak in a mixture of stressed samples was established through PDA studies. Data is depicted in Table 2.

Table 2 Retention time, relative retention time, and peak purity data of febantel and its degradation products
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Linearity and range

The linearity was established over the concentration range of 50 to 500 μg mL−1. The values of slope and correlation coefficient (r2) were 39937 and 0.9996 respectively.

Precision

Precision was performed for intra-day and inter-day variations at three different concentration levels (200, 300, and 400 μg mL−1). Evidently, the % relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be < 2.0 in all cases confirming that the method was sufficiently reproducible.

Recovery/accuracy

Accuracy of the developed method was established through standard addition method where in recovery of pure drug spiked in degradation samples was calculated. Chromatogram is shown in Fig. 3. Acceptable recoveries were obtained at each concentration with mean recovery of 99.78%.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Chromatogram of accuracy study at spiked concentration of febantel 300 (μg mL−1)

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Results of all method validation parameters are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3 Summary of method validation parameters
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Characterization of degradation products

First, the drug febantel was subjected for LC-MS/MS analysis to understand fragmentation pathway of the drug. The resultant mass spectrum of the drug is depicted in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Mass spectrum of febantel obtained during LC-MS/MS analysis

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The LC-MS/MS spectrum of all degradation products is depicted in Figs. 5 and 6.

Fig. 5
figure 5

LC-MS and LC-MS/MS spectra of a DP I, b DP II, and c DP III

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Fig. 6
figure 6

LC-MS and LC-MS/MS spectra of a DP IV and b DP V

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Summary of LC-MS/MS data of drug and all five degradation products is provided in Table 4.

Table 4 Summary of LC-MS/MS data for drug and degradation products (DP I to V) with molecular formulae and major fragments
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In-silico ADME and toxicity study

The drug and degradation products (DP–I to V) structures were submitted in SMILES format to AMDE-Tox online servers viz. SwissADME, OSIRIS property explorer, and ProTox-II webserver. For prediction of ADME properties and drug toxicity. The results of in-silico studies are reported in Tables 5 and 6.

Table 5 Results of in-silico ADME properties and toxicity data recorded for drug and degradation products using Swiss ADME
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Table 6 Results of in-silico ADME properties and toxicity data recorded for drug and degradation products using OSIRIS Property Explorer
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Discussion

Degradation behavior

Drug was found to degrade generating total five degradation products. They were labelled as DP–I, DP–II, DP–III, DP–IV, and DP–V in accordance with the elution order appeared in the chromatogram. DP–I was found to be major degradation product, which was generated under photolytic stress condition. Alkali (DP–II and DP–IV) and acid (DP–III and DP–V) hydrolysis generated two degradation products each, out of which one is major and other is small. Drug was observed to be stable under neutral hydrolysis, oxidative and thermal degradative conditions.

Characterization of degradation products

The molecular ion peak was observed at m/z = 447.09, which was closely matching with exact mass of febantel (m/z = 447.13). The drug generated three fragments corresponding to m/z values of 415.03, 382.99 and 312.98. The first two fragments corresponding to m/z value of 415.03 and 382.99 were formed due to conversion of two carbamate moieties to isocyanate one after another. The third fragment having m/z value of 312.98 was formed due to cleavage of methoxy acetamide. The proposed fragmentation pathway of the drug is shown in Scheme 1.

scheme 1

Scheme 1 Proposed mass fragmentation pathway of the drug and two degradation products

DP–I (m/z 463.12)

The DP–I was formed during photolytic degradation of drug. The molecular ion peak of DP–I was observed at m/z value of 463.08, which was exactly 16 amu greater than that of drug febantel (m/z = 447.09). It insinuated that there was addition of oxygen due to mild oxidation of drug under photolytic stress condition. Generally, compound forms N-oxide/S-oxide under photolytic stress condition. The proposed structure for DP–I was predicted as S-oxide as other three fragments formed have m/z value of 431.03, 399.05, and 329.01 which were exactly same as that of drug but have masses greater by 16 amu. It suggested that DP–I followed same fragmentation pathway as that of drug (refer Scheme 1). Sulfoxide formation also takes place by liver microsomes during conversion of febantel to oxfendazole and febantel sulfoxide is reported to be teratogenic in rats [5].

DP–II (m/z 359.11)

The DP–II was formed during alkaline hydrolysis. The molecular ion peak of DP–II was observed at m/z value of 359.19. The LC-MS/MS spectrum of DP–II is depicted in Fig. 5b. DP–II was formed due to loss of methoxy side chain and methoxy carbonyl moiety of the parent drug. DP–II was observed to generate first fragment of m/z value of 325.13 likely due to loss of methyl group of the methoxy acetamido side chain and subsequent cyclization of side chain to form benzimidazole moiety. The third fragment (4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine) which was formed from second fragment due to cleavage of benzimidazole moiety was having m/z value of 86.17. The detail fragmentation pathway is depicted in Scheme 1.

DP–III (m/z 289.10)

The DP–III was formed during acid degradation. The mass spectra of DP–III is shown in Fig. 5c. The molecular ion peak of DP–III was observed at m/z value of 289.08. It was formed via cleavage of two methyl carbamate side chain of the drug. Loss of carbamate is common in hydrolytic stress conditions as evident for almost all degradation products of febantel. The carbamate moiety is found in number of prodrugs and the rate and extent of its hydrolysis decides duration and intensity of the resultant pharmacological activity [32]. Further, it forms three fragments having m/z values of 259.08, 229.08, and 135.18 by gradual cleavage of methoxy acetamide side chain; in addition to this, there was loss of phenyl ring attached to sulphur in the fragment of m/z 135.09. The detail fragmentation pattern is depicted in Scheme 2.

scheme 2

Scheme 2 Proposed mass fragmentation pathways of three degration products of febantel

DP–IV (m/z 389.12)

The LC-MS spectrum of DP–IV is depicted in Fig. 6a while its fragmentation pattern is outlined in Scheme 2. DP–IV seems to be formed via loss of one of the methoxy carbonyl moiety from the drug as appearance of its parent ion peak at 389.08 m/z. Three more fragments got formed from DP–IV having m/z value of 373.05, 357.02, and 178.12. The fragment of m/z value 373.05 was formed due to loss of oxygen from methoxy acetamide side chain of DP–IV. Another fragment of m/z 357.02 was formed due to conversion of one of the carbamate moieties to isocyanate and fragment with m/z value of 178.12 was formed due loss of phenyl moiety attached to sulphur and subsequent cyclization to form benzimidazole moiety. The third fragment having m/z value of 271.12 was formed from the fragment having m/z value of 357.02 due to loss of methoxy acetamide side chain. This DP–IV which is chemically methyl [[2-[(methoxyacetyl)amino]-4-(phenylsulfanyl) phenyl] carbamimidoyl] carbamate is official impurity A of febantel in European Pharmacopeia [2].

DP–V (m/z 302.09)

The DP–V was generated under acid hydrolysis. The parent ion peak was observed at 302.18 m/z (Fig. 6b). This degradation product was formed via cleavage of 2-methoxyacetamide side chain and methoxy carbonyl moiety from the drug. First fragment was formed due to cyclization to form benzimidazole moiety and conversion of side chain to isocyanate having m/z 268.07. Third fragment having m/z 192.12 was obtained via loss of aromatic ring attached to sulphur. Further fragmentation forms fourth fragment (m/z 98.16) via loss of sulphur along with aromatic ring and loss of oxygen from isocyanate moiety. The proposed fragmentation pathway is depicted in Scheme 2.

The SwissADME tool computes key physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, drug-like, and related parameters from molecular structure. P-Glycoprotein (PgP) is the most important member among ATP-binding cassette transporters to affect transport of drug through biological membranes [33]. As per the results obtained in this study, DP–I is substrate for PgP while DP–III, IV, and V are predicted to have high gastrointestinal absorption. The ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is low for all the DPs while they all are predicted to be CYP2C9 inhibitors. DP–I are DP–IV are predicted to inhibit CYP1A2 while DP–IV also additionally inhibits CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4.

OSIRIS Property Explorer programme is widely used in drug discovery to estimate the mutagenic, tumorigenic, irritant, and reproductive risks, and also provides information on the compound’s hydrophilicity (LogP), solubility (LogS), molecular weight, drug-likeness, and drug score. The DPs were run through the OSIRIS Property Explorer; only DP–III showed moderate risk of being a mutagenic and tumorigenic; however, the Pro Tox II Predictions cleared all the DPs for any sort of toxicity viz. hepato-toxicity, carcinogenicity, immuno-toxicity mutagenicity, and cysto-toxicity [34,35,36].

Conclusion

Febantel was subjected to ICH recommended stress degradation studies to assess its susceptibility under various respective forced degradation conditions.

The drug was found to be sensitive to acidic, basic, photolytic conditions, whereas it was resistant to degrade in neutral, oxidative, and thermal stress. Chromatographic separation indicated generation of five degradation products. One degradation product formed under photolytic stress condition was denoted as (DP–I). DP–II and DP–IV were formed in alkaline hydrolytic condition while DP–III and DP–V were formed in acidic stress condition. Characterization of all the DPs was done by LC–MS/MS studies. Presented study revealed important information that is not yet available with respect to stability of febantel such as (a) degradation profile of febantel under common degradative conditions, (b) mass fragmentation pathway of drug as well as its DPs, and (c) ADME and toxicity potential of drug and formed DPs.

Availability of data and materials

Data and material are available upon request.

Abbreviations

ACN:

Acetonitrile

DP:

Degradation products

DAD:

Diode array detector

ICH:

International Conference on Harmonization

LC-MS/MS:

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

RDB:

Ring plus Double Bond

RRT:

Relative retention time

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Veritas, India for gift sample of febantel.

Funding

No funding was received for this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Goa College of Pharmacy, Panjim, 403 001, Goa, India

    Anand A. Mahajan & Raghuvir Pissurlenkar

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune, 411041, Maharashtra, India

    Amey M. Marathe, Suvarna S. Jarande & Vandana T. Gawande

Authors
  1. Anand A. Mahajan
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  2. Amey M. Marathe
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  3. Suvarna S. Jarande
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  4. Raghuvir Pissurlenkar
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  5. Vandana T. Gawande
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Contributions

Conceptualization: AAM, VTG. Design of the work: AAM, AMM. Formal Analysis and Investigation: AMM, SSJ. LC-MS and toxicological study: RP. Writing—original draft preparation: AAM. Writing—review and editing: VTG. Supervision of work: VTG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Vandana T. Gawande.

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Supplementary Information

Additional file 1.

Supplementary Material for Characterization and Toxicity Evaluation of Degradation Products of Febantel. HPLC chromatograms along with chromatographic conditions for all stress degradations of febantel and during optimization of stability indicating method development, optimized MS parameters for fragmentation.

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Mahajan, A.A., Marathe, A.M., Jarande, S.S. et al. Characterization and toxicity evaluation of degradation products of febantel. Futur J Pharm Sci 6, 127 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00138-7

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